“Simple is best.” Often true, but not always practical. “The more complex a system is, the more there is to go wrong.” This applies to a computer operating system as much as to a car, and the security aspect of an operating system is no exception.

Nevertheless, some operating systems are more secure platforms for Web servers than others.

As suggested earlier, the more flexible and powerful an operating system is, the more vulnerable it is to attack via its Web server and, indeed, its other servers.

Although Unix aficionados might cringe at this statement, Unix systems, with all their integral servers, services, text editors, scripting languages, interpreters, etc., are very vulnerable, simply because there are so many entry points that can be exploited by hackers. On the other hand, less sophisticated systems, like a Macintosh or a purpose-built Web server machine, are more difficult to compromise. Taking it to the extreme, the most secure Web site would reside on a basic Macintosh with a basic Web server.

Of course, it is very unlikely that anyone would opt for a Mac for the sake of security, and sacrifice the superior performance of a multi-tasking operating system such as Unix or Windows NT, not to mention the additional functionality of middleware control and database transactions that these offer. Unfortunately, holes are continually being found in the security of both Windows NT server and Unix operating systems.

Between the two, the Unix operating system is generally more secure than Windows NT. The reason is twofold. Unix has been around for a very long time, and the serious bugs have been found and fixed. Furthermore, the Unix user account and file systems are far simpler. There is therefore less likelihood of human error or poor judgment when configuring them. Provided that the system is well configured, with security updates applied as soon as they become available, a Unix system is likely to be more secure than a Windows NT system.

Human error and poor judgment have already been mentioned. When choosing an operating system for a Web server, an assessment of the expertise of the people responsible for its operation should be made. A Windows NT system configured and maintained by an experienced Windows NT system administrator is likely to be more secure than a Unix system administered by an inexperienced Unix system administrator. If an external hosting company is used for the Web server, and more than one operating system is offered, it is advisable to find out whether there is technical staff dedicated to only one or the other, rather than staff with general expertise.

Check your website security at website-security.biz.

China’s pharmaceutical packaging anti-counterfeiting technology late start, many anti-counterfeiting technology in the pharmaceutical industry in the application of flexible packaging are not many, species are very poor, now the main production of flexible packaging industry are simple and easy identification of anti-counterfeiting technology, however, the security industry with the technology development, pharmaceutical flexible packaging anti-counterfeiting technology is also in constant progress.

Pharmaceutical flexible packaging in China the applications of security technology Our most Pharmaceutical Packaging Security is very simple, but rather out Box Bag labeled anti-counterfeiting Label Directly in contact with the pharmaceutical application of flexible packaging material anti-counterfeiting technology less useful to the also homogeneous, without any security at all, and pharmaceutical manufacturing and printing of packaging boxes are relatively simple, this objective provides for the counterfeiters convenience. Security features, and not easy to be expensive imitation of packaging materials, together with the packaging of the security awareness of people is not strong, resulting in the Chinese pharmaceutical market, security is not optimistic the use of flexible packaging materials, especially the poor economic very few domestic enterprises to use such packaging, most of them are good economic returns of domestic enterprises and foreign pharmaceutical companies in the use of such anti-counterfeiting materials. Low performance security package pharmaceutical flexible packaging material in China certain share of the market, they have low Competition To high-tech, high-performance security products difficult situation, the development of China’s pharmaceutical flexible packaging anti-counterfeiting technology and therefore slow. And because security is a new technology, many do not understand the pharmaceutical industry’s customers are often less susceptible to these seemingly novel properties of pharmaceutical packaging products deceive security, coupled with some of the security material manufacturers boast, and with low price as bait, makes use of some anti-counterfeiting technology with vision and enthusiasm of enterprises cheated. It is worth mentioning that this low level of anti-counterfeit labels and can easily be copied, in a very short period of time to be counterfeit, Fake To even more powerful legal shield, resulting in people often are in real money can not buy drugs embarrassment, there have been many fake drugs led to the use of exacerbations or death case, manufacturers spend money to do it more by fake security signs of harm.

Pharmaceutical flexible packaging material of the type of security and usagePharmaceutical flexible packaging industry applications of anti-counterfeiting technology, and not just simply use a certain technology in the printing, but a comprehensive security system in anti-counterfeiting technology Consumables And software providers to help establish a set of the anti-counterfeiting technologies, testing methods and means of management and use of the composition of the system integration in order to effectively prevent the spread of technology. Overall, the pharmaceutical packaging process used by most companies is almost, but each in the actual printing process design and used a unique anti-counterfeiting methods, the present pharmaceutical flexible packaging mainly by way of security processes to manufacture flexible packaging materials can be divided the following. Prepress design security

Museum Security Sector in the long struggle with the criminals continue to improve preventive measures, additional material from the first anti-air defense to the development of civil air defense, anti-matter anti-added technology, technology is also on the collection of protection against its constant development. Recalling the museum security Technology Looking to the history of prevention in the “prevention first, combining prevention with control” approach to better improve the function of Museum Security and Protection, to ensure the collection of security. Museum collection with a natural, historical, scientific, cultural and artistic value of the rich collection is a valuable non-renewable resources. Study of its history, outstanding cultural heritage, dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, Education The masses, is of great significance and role. It’s fine to attract people to visit and study. Also attracted the attention of lawless greed, they attempt to Theft Collections to achieve their dreams of riches. Therefore, protecting the collection became the responsibility of the museum. Museum Security and Protection is to make criminals away from the collection to collection from the criminals Damage And steal the fight produced and developed. I. Review of Museum Security and Protection (A), in the fight against criminals and produce Been generated from the museum, there are certain evil hands of criminals to stretch their collections. Increase of anti-air defense to protect the museum collection of the early important means. Increase of anti-air defense deficiencies have time and space. In the August 15, 1959 Wu Qinghui thieves sneaked into the compound with high walls, and a very strong force to defend the Palace Museum in Beijing steal, stole the Emperor gold engagement books, ancient coins and artifacts such as Queen’s sword (the perpetrators of that year on November 12th Day reappear). Thus, the Beijing Public Security Bureau on January 25, 1960, will be our first Voice Alarm Alarm , Cleverly installed in the Beijing Palace Museum Treasures from the Museum. The evening of 16 April 1962 8 pm, Sun Guofan sneaked into the National Palace Museum treasures of attempted theft, “Imperial Consort Zhen-Indian” and other artifacts. These priceless treasures do not fall into the hands of criminals. This is because the defense equipment and technology has played a significant role, captured criminals. Established a meritorious defense of David. Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Public Security 1982 First Research Institute, under the anti-theft alarm at the development of technology for the Forbidden City Hall installed a lot of active infrared, passive infrared, microwave, ultrasound, voice and other anti-theft Detector To form a variety of detection means of anti-theft alarm system, burglar alarm to a new level of technology. Since then, the evil hands of criminals repeatedly stretched David, but because of the installed alarm to play a role, watch keeping personnel immediately arrived at the scene and arrested him. This is the anti-theft alarm system Forbidden role, its deterrent effect is even greater. (2), universal and norms 84 years after the security technology to prevent spread in China has entered a stage with the increase, and rapid development. Have various museums, banks, shopping malls, supermarkets, housing estates have gradually established a Security and Protection System, such as the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of History, Lu Xun Museum, the Capital Museum, Museum of Liaoning, Fujian Museum, Shanghai Museum, Shenzhen Museum, Museum of Chinese technology China Business is OK, the Potala Palace are all established Museum Security and Protection System. The Imperial Palace has established a comprehensive Fireproof Security, preventive security technology television monitoring system. 84 years in particular, the 35th anniversary of National Day to strengthen security work, the establishment of a television monitor in Tiananmen Square project on the work of our security technology has fueled anti-defense role. Since then into the TV monitor technology have anti-theft alarm system and urban traffic control, which improves system functionality. 92 on September 18 took place in Kaifeng large cultural theft, 69 artifacts were stolen, the case named “918,” the case. Offenders forced open the window into the exhibition hall will showcase the top step in with a pre-tested against the anti-technology means more than one passive infrared detector cover, loss of alarm function, so that theft succeed. People have gained a lot of inspiration, noted the importance of prevention perimeter. Meanwhile, in the protection zone and the restricted area with 3 or more detectors with different detection principles to build more lines of defense, at the same time block the function of anti-detectors have appeared, and to promote technological development of intrusion detectors. Security and Protection career development but also in on the civil air defense, physical defense against the organic integration of technical knowledge on the increase. A deeper appreciation of property is the basis for defense, civil air defense is the guarantee against its construction technology platform can play a role, otherwise the advanced security technology to prevent, discover the criminals could not catch him, will still be stolen heritage . Understanding to overcome one-sidedness, but also promoted the cause of security technology to prevent development. With the development of future technology showcase, a showcase alarm uprising is widely used, but also to improve the Museum Security and Protection is an important part. 11 from 98 months to January 2003 on the issuance and implementation of the Security and Protection of national standards and industry standards 9 21. This series of standard security technology for businesses against the project implementation and acceptance have a basis. It is essential to ensure project quality. Among the most perfect ICIF system standard in 1992, the Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Public Security issued the “cultural museums security risk level and level of provision” and the 1996 “Heritage Museum Security and Protection systems engineering design requirements,” they stressed the Museology System Security engineering design should follow the principle of the protective system in depth, the establishment of perimeter to prevent, monitor areas, protection zones and restricted areas. Specification of the Museum Security and Protection System of the building. Since then, the museum security technology to prevent the development has been rapid. In the Zhejiang Museum, Yunnan Museum Museum of perimeter intrusion prevention is to stop and prevent the loss of contributing collections. Current security technology to prevent the country is already very advanced, basic and international connected to the rail. In modern computer technology, automation technology and modern communication technology support, Security and Protection System is a comprehensive computer control system. Anti-theft alarm system, TV monitoring system, sound system, access control systems, and uniform patrol system managed by a computer, indicates that China’s Security and Protection has entered a new stage. (C), from the single plus Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Loss Prevention to the transition In crime prevention, in addition to theft, arson there. Forbidden City built a fire alarm early, television monitor, the Security and Protection System, and now most of the museums have been established fire alarm, television monitor, the Security and Protection System

We live in a fast paced world and so we need a fast home Internet connection speed. If you work part time or full time from home, then it becomes essential to have a home wireless Internet connection which can compete with broadband connection speeds.

Wireless home Internet should provide you with bandwidth speeds of 10 to 20 mbps. Although they are easy to set-up and maintain, you must secure your home wireless Internet. There are two reasons for this; first, you wouldn’t want anyone to tap into your home wireless connection and carry out illegal activities, and secondly, even if your connection is not used for illegal purposes, someone else using it will significantly slow down your Internet access speed.

Home Wireless Internet Connection Speed

Normally, a wireless Internet connection will have an antenna or router installed somewhere in the house. There are a couple of ways using you can boost the speed of your connection. First make sure that you are the only person using your own connection. If it is not protected by a password, other people could also be using it at causing a drop in speed.

The second thing to take a look at is your computer. There are a many malicious programs that can eat into the bandwidth of your connection. To fix this issue you need to install a good quality security suite and check out the software program that enables your computer or laptop to get connected to the net. If it is not updated or not intended for your computer, then you could see a considerable drop in the connection speed.

Home Wireless Internet Connection Security

Turn off The Router When Not In Use – By turning off the router, you not only save a little bit of electricity, but you also guarantee that no other person other than the authorized ones have access to your connection.

Do Not Use Default Settings – By using default settings on your router, you are not securing your connection. This means anyone can connect their computer to your connection making your Internet connection exposed. Set the encryption level to the highest security and do not use obvious passwords.

Firewall Router – Your home wireless Internet security can be breached not only from someone near by, but it is also vulnerable from the Internet itself. In order to guarantee security from such attacks, turn on the router’s firewall. Only data requests made by your computer are valid and any other is invalid. This is one of the best ways to keep hackers out and secure your home wireless Internet.

Keep A Check On The Router Status – Your router continuously displays the number of computers or devices connected to your home wireless connection. Try to keep an eye on which computers are using your connection. If you find someone has managed to connect, immediately change the passwords and settings of your router.

Securing your home Internet connection has become a necessity these days; not only because it costs you a loss of speed, but because if someone uses it for illegal purposes, you will be held accountable.

Screen shots of weird messages or pictures appear.

You have less available memory then you expected

Music or sounds plays randomly.

Files get corrupted

Programs are files don’t work properly

Unknown files or programs randomly appear

System properties fluctuate

Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses deliver their payload or instructions through four common ways. One, when an individual runs an infected program so if you download a lot of things you should always scan the files before executing, especially executable files. Second, is when an individual runs an infected program. Third, is when an individual bots a computer with an infected drive, so that’s why it’s important to not leave media files in your computer when you shut it down. Fourth is when it connects an unprotected computer to a network. Today, a very common way that people get a computer virus, worm, or Trojan horse is when they open up an infected file through an email attachment. There are literally thousands of computer malicious logic programs and new one comes out by the numbers so that’s why it’s important to keep up to date with new ones that come out each day. Many websites keep track of this. There is no known method for completely protecting a computer or computer network from computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, but people can take several precautions to significantly reduce their chances of being infected by one of those malicious programs. Whenever you start a computer you should have no removable media in he drives. This goes for CD, DVD, and floppy disks. When the computer starts up it tries to execute a bot sector on the drives and even if it’s unsuccessful any given various on the bot sector can infect the computer’s hard disk. If you must start the computer for a particular reason, such as the hard disk fails and you are trying to reformat the drive make sure that the disk is not infected.

These issues become important ones for organizations to consider for several reasons. Firstly, because private employee information is recorded on computers, secondly because organizations have their own important information recorded on computers, and thirdly because many organizations conduct business over the Internet via an informational home page or by Internet retailing.

The question of security will become an important one for organizations and will likely become the responsibility of the human resource department in many organizations, with the questions of security and privacy an extension of information systems generally handled by the human resource department (Bernardin & Russell).

In this paper, the privacy and security issues that arise from the Internet will be investigated. Recognizing that the Internet is relatively new and rapidly changing, the investigation will be completed with an eye for looking forward to the future.

Firstly, I will discuss the modern history of the Internet and how it relates to privacy and security concerns. I will then discuss several key security and privacy issues relevant to organizations. I will then briefly discuss the protection options available to deal with these issues.

THE INTERNET AND PRIVACY & SECURITY

Privacy is not a new concept, but one that has been of importance to people for centuries.

The advent of the Internet however, is taking privacy issues to a new level. Privacy is described as “the ability of individuals to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others” (IBM).

Security also becomes of wider concern. With the importance of the Internet and information technology to society, it becomes a tool that can be used against national security, against individuals or against organizations.

As well as this, the mass of information available on the Internet can be misused.

The Internet has become a profound part of our society, impacting on every aspect of it. With this wide impact, security issues reach out across various topics and take on various forms.

Also relevant is the fact that the Internet remains in its infancy, with the Internet revolution described as “one that experts estimate is less than 10 percent complete” (IBM).

As the Internet grows and changes, new security and privacy issues will appear. As the environment changes, the privacy and security issues will be reconsidered.

There is no doubt that the issues the Internet creates are likely to change, as the Internet and society continue to adapt to each other. Even recognizing this, by assessing the issues now we can begin to see their current impact and also their future direction.

SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

Hackers

Everyone is under threat from hackers, from the organization, to government information, and through to individuals. The reason for hacking varies as widely as those that become victims of hacking,

“crackers are not necessarily after secret files or valuable corporate data, many just want a machine – fast. Most victimized machines are merely launch pads for other attacks” (Tanase). Essentially, hackers hide themselves by operating through a chain of machines.

Reasons for hacking are extremely varied and can include accessing information, changing information records and launching viruses.

For the organization, information may be extracted to be used against the organization. This information could then be used in various way. Disgruntled employees may seek information to use against the organization.

The threat of misuse also depends on the nature of the organization. A university for example has a threat of students changing their results records, while an organization involved in controversial issues, such as a gun manufacturer may be threatened by anti-gun protesters. Hackers may also operate by damaging company web sites.

The reasons and form of Internet hacking crimes are just as varied as typical crimes.

As the Internet becomes more widespread, Internet crimes may come to mirror all crimes. For example, just as a disgruntled employee may vandalize their place of employment, a disgruntled employee may vandalize the organization’s web site.

Current Effect on Business

Hacker attacks are the largest threats for governments and businesses, with ninety percent of business and governments suffering hacker attacks each year (Krebs).

Of those businesses, only one third were willing to report the attacks to the FBI (Krebs).

Eighty percent reported financial losses as a result but the majority were not willing to quantify these financial losses (Krebs).

The majority of organizations and government departments do suffer from security breaches. Also noted is that this is not all from hackers, a major component is also from company staff. The fact that the majority are not willing to report or verify the problems, is an indication that this is a problem that is thought to be significant as well as damaging.

Organizations generally avoid reporting such problems to avoid alarming shareholders, while government departments avoid public concern. With shareholders and the public warranted in their right to know of these breaches, there is a future likely, where such breaches will be required to be reported.

The reality is that these threats cannot be ignored. A study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology recognized that “information and the systems that process it are among the most valuable assets of any organization. Adequate security of these assets is a fundamental management responsibility” (NIST).

The report by the National Institute of Standards and Technology provides a framework for determining a security system program. The needs of the programs are twofold:

“Agency programs must: 1) assure that systems and applications operate effectively and provide appropriate confidentiality, integrity, and availability; and 2) protect information commensurate with the level of risk and magnitude of harm resulting from loss, misuse, unauthorized access, or modification” (NIST).

This considered system and approach to determining may mirror how organizations will approach security considerations in the future.

It is also noted that “many organizations and consumers are only just beginning to realize the value of applied information technology and the increased efficiency and effectiveness of innovations in data collection and management” (IBM).

With increased realization will come increased use of information by organizations, and with this increased use will come a greater need for privacy and security considerations.

Information on the Internet

The Internet is also capable of infringing on a person’s privacy as a publisher of information.

We can see the Internet as a tool for communicating information, just as television, newspapers and other media are.

The difference with the Internet is that the information published is not as well controlled.

With television and newspapers, controls are in place to determine what will be communicated. It is generally not possible for a person to publish information without it being verified in some way.

However, with the Internet, a person can publish and communicate messages to people from all over the world with no requirement to have checks on the information.

Essentially, the Internet allows anyone to say anything, and to say that anything to a lot of people.

This leads to the Internet being capable of being used as a tool to defame others.

A recent court case shows that this does happen, where the case is described as follows:

“A state-court jury awarded $3-million Tuesday to a University of North Dakota physics professor who sued a former student for libel after she accused him in an online article of being a pedophile. The professor, John L. Wagner, 41, filed his lawsuit after an article titled “Kinky, Torrid Romance by Randy Physics Professor” was published on the Web site Undnews.com” (Bartlett).

This example shows how information on any subject can be widely published on the Internet. The guilty verdict indicates that the law does consider this to be a case of defamation.

The ease of publication on the Internet and the difficulty in controlling it is also evidenced by the fact that the article is now posted on another web site (Bartlett).

This situation is one that may find controls placed on it in the future, controls that act as a safeguard for what can and cannot be published on the Internet as fact.

The guilty verdict in this case also leads the way for other defamation claims to be made and defamation laws to be determined for the Internet.

While this is a case against a person, it is also possible that this same type of defamation could be carried out in regards to an organization, its products or its services. It is feasible that a disgruntled customer could publish damaging reports about the company.

More Possibilities

The possibilities of using the Internet for illegal advantages include scams as new and ingenious as the Internet itself.

One opportunity that is not currently illegal, though is concerning, is using one piece of software as a means for distributing another.

One example that is causing universities concern is KaZaA, software that is used to store and swap video clips and MP3 files. This software is specifically targeted at students and is downloaded by large numbers of students. It has been reported that this software has “software attached to it that could allow the company to use student computers and university bandwidth for commercial ventures, such as serving Internet advertisements or selling computer storage space” (Carlson).

While this is not an illegal process, it is a misleading one for the user. It also shows how technology can be used for purposes other than that which we purchase them for. This is important because this is one way information can be hidden within programs and there is potential for this to be used illegally in the future. It is also said that universities are specifically targeted because they have a considerable amount of unused hard drive space (Carlson). This could apply equally to many organizations, so organizations may also become a target of these programs in the future.

SECURITY AND PRIVACY PROTECTION

Security Programs

Security programs currently consist of two main types. The first are virus programs that prevent damaging computer viruses from being received. One of the most interesting things about these programs is that they require constant updating.

These constant updates illustrate how quickly virus concerns change. Essentially, one group of people are constantly creating new viruses, while a second group remain alert to these viruses and create antidotes for the viruses.

The second type of security program is firewall software. Firewall software prevents hackers from accessing a computer. Just like viruses, these programs are under constant upgrading to keep up with hacker technology changes.

Security and Privacy Consultants

Security and privacy concerns have also created a new industry of consultants, who offer advice, personnel and systems to governments, organizations and also individuals.

An example of one of these firms is Rent-A-Hacker, whose company profile reads as follows:

“Rent-A-Hacker was formed to afford anyone the means to protect their valuable information assets. Unlike most Cybersecurity firms whose goal is to sell you security products, our focus is on auditing, detection and proactive prevention” (Rent-A-Hacker).

To achieve these goals, the organizations makes use of experts in Internet security and in hacking. This organization is an example of where the future of Internet security may lead.

With experts developing new ways to breach Internet security, software programs may no longer be enough. A defence system of equally effective experts may be the only way to combat hackers and other breachers of both security and privacy.

Government Actions

The Government plays an important role in effecting privacy and security concerns and does this on two levels. The first is in their role in setting the rules for the private sector. The second is in establishing guidelines for the government’s own use of information (IBM).

With the broad implications of the Internet it is also recognized that government control becomes essential, “the growing interconnectedness of society underscores the need for government officials to understand the broad implications of the Internet and the information technology revolution (IBM).

The government meets this challenge by producing a set of internationally-accepted principles, with these principles developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and are known as the OECD guidelines (IBM).

These guidelines include ‘fair information practices’ for organizations that outline appropriate security of data and disclosure of data practices (IBM).

IBM describes the US security and privacy measures, saying:

“The US has legislatively-required protections in focus areas: government, credit reporting, banking and finance, health, and children’s information. In other commercial areas, such as retail and online marketing, the US relies on its common-law traditions coupled with industry responsibility and leadership to chart the way” (IBM).

Legal Protection

The legal component of the Internet is handled largely by the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Department of Justice. The actions of the section are described, saying:

“Section attorneys advise federal prosecutors and law enforcement agents; comment upon and propose legislation; coordinate international efforts to combat computer crime; litigate cases; and train all law enforcement groups. Other areas of expertise possessed by CCIPS attorneys include encryption, electronic privacy laws, search and seizure of computers, e-commerce, hacker investigations, and intellectual property crimes” (CCIPS).

Legal protection in the US is wide and varied, covering a variety of issues that the Internet relates to.

This includes the considerations of e-commerce, covering topics including Internet gambling, online sales of healthcare products and consumer protection (CCIPS).

Laws are also existent relating to computer crimes. These crimes include cyberstalking, Internet fraud, child pornography and identity theft (CCIPS).

Insurance Protection

Another industry that reflects the rising importance of Internet security is the insurance industry.

Policies purchased for 2001 were just under $100 million in 2001, with it expected to rise to at least $1 billion by the year 2007 (Salkever).

The policies available for organizations include protection from “virus attacks, denial-of-service assaults, cracking into company systems, and Web-site defacements. Some companies even write policies that cover cyber-extortion, where an online intruder or an insider steals crucial data such as customer credit-card files and demands a payoff. The rising tide of lawsuits against companies whose employees have used corporate e-mail inappropriately has also caught the attention of e-insurers” (Salkever).

It is also noted that with the insurance industry becoming a major part of Internet security, they will have the opportunity to shape the computer security business.

This will occur by insurance companies defining what types of security products and practices are acceptable. Following this, premiums will differ based on what software protection systems are used, effectively rating product systems and influencing the business consumers choice.

This is also expected to effect business, with e-insurance becoming a requirement, “as cyber-insurance goes from exotica to a business necessity, the computer-security industry will have to adapt to keep the insurers happy” (Salkever).

There is certainly potential for insurance companies to influence both the coverage required by organizations and the products and actions required to attain this coverage, “that’s the wave of the future, as insurers exert even more pressure on the technology practices of any company wishing to insure this increasingly important facet of business” (Salkever).

Also recognized is the possible relationship between insurance companies and security products with it being argued “that insurers will demand responsibility from software companies for flaws in their products — and that they’ll have the legal firepower to hold the software outfits accountable” (Salkever).