Internet and Technology

Let us consider the old traditional telephone.All telephones are connected  by overhead wires(carried over telephone poles on the road side) to the area  telephone exchange. Previously a man used to give connections between two  phones by manually linking the sockets of the two phones inside the exchange  building with a small wire.”the telephone exchange” is the leader of that  group of phones. There must be at least a few hundred thousand such little  exchanges covering our entire Earth. All these exchanges are linked by  unbreakable connections( by wires/cables/optical cables or wireless).In  achieving this connectivity whole groups of exchanges should be connected to  a very powerful central exchange serving half a country . All such central  exchanges will again be connected to just a few dozen “back bone” exchanges  so that every one of the hundreds of millions of phones on earth can be  linked to any other phone working in any faraway corner of the earth.

Now a days  an unimaginably big mesh of strong and durable  thick metal  wire “coaxial” cables and  far more powerful optical fibre cables covers  entire earth. (optical fibres can provide a hundred thousand two way channels  through a single optical fibre cable).Some of these metal/optical fibre  cables are laid for part of the route for hundreds of kilometres on ocean  floors encased in very strong rubber and metal casing to last for at least  half a century. But this is only half the story about telephones.

Nowadays two way all weather foolproof radio channels are linked by the  fixed “geostationary satellites” circling  20000 miles over the earth which  relay the radio signals to any part of earth.  These satellites are  geostationary i.e the stop over our heads 20000 miles above without moving  and work in effect like 20000 mile high towers!these satellites have inside  them powerful recieving and tranmitting electronic automatic instrument  systems. On the earth in every country very powerful recievers and  transmitters are fixed on high “tranmission towers” to recive and relay  incoming signals or to transmit outgoing signals recieved from the phones  linked to faraway exchanges.In this way every phone can be linked to any  other phone on earth in fraction of a seond automatically by “direct  dialling” by the users. the cell phone is a small size two way radio phone  linked to all places on earth by unbreakable all weather radio link through a  most modern technology. The land phones in our houses are linked for just  four or five miles by the overhead telephone wire over the telephone poles  and after that they too are linked to the international radio/optical  fibre/coaxial metal cable link. Though this high technology is used engineers  still follow the good old rules of”central tephone exchange”.However now all  data i.e.all our conversations are converted into  strings of billions of  01010101s.the strings are devided into neatly cut “data packets” each  containing about 20000 zeroes and ones eqivalent to about 50 sentences of  printed alphabets.In this way telephone technology is working wonders and  turned entire earth into a small village. .We can talk to a person in america  or afica as if he is sittin next to you in your room.

Now we have come to a stage sufficient to discuss how computers in your  office,in your town, in your country are connected to a faaraway computer in  another part of the world just like phones. we should note that in new  technolgy there is no difference between phone and computer.Both work with  billions of 01010101s only .in fact cell phone is also a very powerful  computer with a powerful “microprocessor chip” inside it containing software  to implement the “tcp/ip technlogy “which is the life breathof modern digital  networking technology.
due to such modern technology computers in our houses,offices,business  establishments can be interconnected with any other computer both within our  town  and also with computers in any part of the world just like  telephones.If a computer is connected with any other computer (in the proper  prescribed way through software commands)  whole books,songs,vedeos etc lying  in your computer’s memory can be sent to any other computer just in fraction  of a second. With the most modern optical fibre technology and “broad band  internet”  matter inside all the books in a big library (if kept in memory of  a computer) can be sent into memory of another far away computer in a second!  a connection with a strong fat wire called coaxial cable is enough to do this  unbelievable feat.

When we want to know about the technology of connecting computers we shold  have clear understanding about technology phone networks.Actually modern  computers and phones are closely related in technology of networking.it  closely follows the old telephone exchange technology.Modern cell phones are  actually powerful computers though small in size with two way radio  tranmission facility. Cell phones work only on the  digital radio technology  where all information is sent/recieved only by wireless(radio) and where all  information(i.e human conversation or any other data) is sent in units called  data packets. The cell phone towers  relay the radio sigals from and to the  cell phone.originally every computer worked alone all by itself unconnected  to any other computer(“stand alone computer”) to carry out tough mathematical  caculations for business houses,government departments and universities.but  prices of computers came down drastically due to researches in transistor and   silicon chip/ printed circuit technologies. After introdction of   automatic   self-managing “disc operating system” inside computers  small computers  became very popular.every industry,college,hospital,business etc started to  purchase not one but a dozen computers. All computers inside one campus were  interconnected to share the huge data in each of “main memories” or  “secondary memories”.the technology of linking  computers began.a very  advanced technology called lan technology to link computers inside same  campus was introduced.All the computers in a campus were linked by a long  coaxial cable and had to obey orders from a “leader computer” called  “server”. Only the two computers selected by server can communicate and share  data and all others had to wait and keep quiet.   Computers in a lan are  connected to other lans (in a faraway part of city or in another town)  through “wan” (wide area network) technology much like trunk telephone  exchange technology. inside each lan one computer was selected as”router”i.e.  a group leader which granted permission to a lan memmber(computer) to talk  with a computer of another lan . The routers of all lans in a area were  connected to the head router which controlled the wan. the head routers of  several wans were connected to  routers of still bigger wans  which covered a  whole country. It is  all just like old telephone exhchange system but with  “digital packets” transmitted in the routes.

Finally let us reember the main parts of a modern computer to better  understand how it can be linked to other computers. in each computer there is  a most important part called “main memory” .The data sent into computer  through keyboard/ mouse/cd is sent first to the main memory before being sent  to processors inside computer. If an answer data is sent out from computer to  monitor screen,printer,sound boxes etc,first it reaches the main emory from  the processors inside computer. The memory is like a black board in the  class room .However the controlling part of computer is the microprocessor.It  gives orders to main memory and  smaller processors how to process  incoming/outgoing data the microprocessor is like the central brain,the  commander-in-chief

We come to the last point.when a computer” x “is connected to  computer “y “which is ten miles away in another town and we have to send  data(written data,sounds like songs,speech or vedeo i.e moving pictures) from  x to y what happens?the written data in the main memory of x can be seen in  monitor screen of y. the songs and conversatios recorded in main memory of x  can be heard though speakers connected  to y. Similarly the vedeo files kept  inside main memory of “x” can be seen only through monotor screenof”y”. Thus  simply by connecting two computers through a cable all data(written  data,audio,vedeo)can flow from one to the other.Nowadays hundreds of  computers are connected. for data(writtentext,audio or vedeo) to flow to  another designated faraway computer,the rules of lan/wan/internet have to be  followed very strictly and prescribed software requests/instructions/commands  should go between the routers/requesting computers. For this purpose each  computer in a netwok is alloted a  permanent identification coded number.It  is recorded in all computers and routers and is like a telephone directory  inside each computer.

There is indeed a distinct difference between the terms cybertechnology and information technology. In his book, Tavani defines cybertechnology as a stand-alone or computer network capable of some form of computing and communication [Tavani 2010]. Information technology, although not specifically define in his book, can be thought of as almost the same, however information technology is not limited to communication technology. The information technology field can span into areas such as televisions and automobiles. On page 4, Tavani lists several examples of cybertechnology, all of which are connected to other devices and can be used as forms of communication. Other technologies such as telescopes or clothes dryers have no means of communication and therefore are not included in his lists of cybertechnology.

                It is important to make this distinction between cybertechnology and information technology before going on to explain cyberethics. After his discussion on cybertechnology, Tavani goes on to explain the differences between cyberethics and several other forms of ethics, one of which being information ethics. He never actually defines cyberethics, but he is able to describe what it doesn’t consist of by comparing it to three other kinds of ethics. Cyberethics can be seen as the ethics pertaining to the use of a connected network of computers. Information ethics, on the other hand, is described as the ethics related to any form of information distribution network including books [Tavani 2010].

Although Tavani does bring up the difference between the two terms, he seems to be using an older understanding of the term information technology when he talks about information ethics. Today, few people view information technology as something related to printed material or library science. Rather it is commonly accepted that information technology relates to the spread of information through computational means such as computer databases or networking. Despite Tavani’s older interpretation of the term, the distinction between cybertechnology and information technology is still relevant. Cybertechnology is a subset located within information technology that pertains to connected communication networks while information technology has the potential to span out to include isolated computers found in anything ranging from a simple home appliance to a complex power grid.

Generally, the term Broadband refers to the simultaneous transmission of multiple pieces of data that increases the effective rate of transmission.

Broadband technology supports a wide range of frequencies. It is available for both home and at business purposes since it facilitates high speed, high quality, low cost and is easiest to use Internet connection at home and at the office. Basically, broadband services come in three different types namely, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Cable Broadband Service, Satellite Broadband Service and Wireless Broadband Service.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL): ADSL is unique among other types of DSLs with its typical characteristic to transmit data in one direction than the other. It uses the primarily analogue modulation schemes where as other standards use band technology based modulation schemes like Gigabit Ethernet and others. Its instant access to any information or service modes helps you to stay always online as soon as you switch on.

Cable Broadband Service: In Cable Broadband Service the transmission is basically carried with the help of an Ethernet modem for accessing internet services through the cable. It provides a lot of broadband solutions to everyone. They allow you to have access over your phone line simultaneously, while you’re on the net, helps in saving a great deal of call costs and extra line rental and also are fast in downloading of large files.

Satellite Broadband Service: Satellite broadband service in fact, is the most reliable since it can be used almost from anywhere. Satellite connections come up in two different types i.e. in “one-way” and “two-way” connections. They help in having connection at a lower cost, higher speed, and reliable links to the Internet directly on to your PC. It enables the installations of broadband service in most remote areas, keeps its customers always smiling.

Wireless Broadband Service: A wireless broadband service uses an arrangement of fixed antennas that allows the users to have access with high speed Internet wirelessly over the air. It delivers fast Internet access by means of radio waves as a replacement for of cables or wires.

For more details about the types of broadband services go through our product pages and learn more about them!

Search engines acts as a bridge between millions of web pages and web users. Without search engines, millions of web pages which are the unlimited source of information remain hidden for all of us. Can you imagine looking for information or a webpage on the internet without the help of a Search engine? All our attempts will be a failure if we are not using a popular search engine.

Search engines are the only source to find reliable information, which are scattered, in millions of web pages. Search Engines work continuously to produce valuable search results for the internet users. Search engine crawlers work 24X7 to index all the pages available on the World Wide Web. All these pages are linked each other via links. If one page exists independently, without any links pointing towards it, it will remain hidden from the search engines.

Search engines find a web site through the links placed by these web sites on other websites. When the search engines spider or bot visits a particular page it looks for further links after analyzing the web page. If your website links to some very popular pages will be seen by these Search engines as a valuable source of information. The inbound and outbound links given on your website, your site is providing and the keywords mentioned in the WebPages are also an important source of information for search engines. With these keywords and links and other search engines criteria for indexing web pages, they are able to produce relevant results from millions of web pages.

Search engines regularly update their database with the updated information they fetch from millions of web pages around the globe. The information gathered is stored in a database format for future use. These regular updating periodically make search engines most reliable and updated source of information.

Google and Yahoo are the most trusted search engines all over the world as they have the most regular updates and the algorithms are most researched and up to the mark. Searchboth.com is now presenting Google and yahoo together in your search box. Google and Yahoo results can be seen side by side on a single screen without opening multiple browsers again and again.