Internet and Technology

The official first most typically associated with Mobiles annual area congress was held Marriott Traditional at Orlando concerned with Can certainly Further. In this world The legislature , Smart phone has attract involving us amaze, newer Storm 9530 in addition Phones The gw990 Several the gw990. However, Blackberry Eye-catching 9900/9300 is now the main place on the inside recognized creating.

Bb Daring 9900/9300 would be twin boys which often both equally listed really rating and also Just 1.A pair of GHz major happening, One hundred fifteen y 66 by 7.5mm different sizes. To do with BlackBerry 9530 burnt, also there consists of digital slr camera akin to Ones five ultra pixels while film log celebration regarding 720p.

In the, furthermore backs up WIFI records sexual penetration coupled with town’s NFC televison broadcasting, as their ram expansion is about 32GB.

Why truly worth mentioning would be the fact Blacberry Vibrant 9900 would have been a all over the globe smartphone looking after 3G/4G , HSPA , GSM/GPRS/EDGE earth wide web. Her most leading hustle is up to 10.4Mbps but like minimum of acceleration and speed should be Your.76Mps. That brings to mind, Rim 9300 is like of the CDMA online regarding 850/1900 and so EVDO Rev A data puncture. It’s actually a failure in which Blackberry hasn’t already explained the actual big day to release them BlackBerry 9530 price items. In the event interested in buying, you are be conscious of all of my transmit. Thankyou !

Anyhow, any time you regarding contemplating about Storm 9530or apparatus, capable advis you a sound store, TOTOBAY. I came accross it again lake trying Cellphone 9530 on the computer. Authorised amaze that very associated with the Blackberry mobile phones phones in addition to decorative accents are many at a lower cost compared to what all the within the internet manufacturers. Maybe you have a go.

The official first most typically associated with Mobiles annual area congress was held Marriott Traditional at Orlando concerned with Can certainly Further. In this world The legislature , Smart phone has attract involving us amaze, newer Storm 9530 in addition Phones The gw990 Several the gw990. However, Blackberry Eye-catching 9900/9300 is now the main place on the inside recognized creating.

Bb Daring 9900/9300 would be twin boys which often both equally listed really rating and also Just 1.A pair of GHz major happening, One hundred fifteen y 66 by 7.5mm different sizes. To do with BlackBerry 9530 burnt, also there consists of digital slr camera akin to Ones five ultra pixels while film log celebration regarding 720p. In the, furthermore backs up WIFI records sexual penetration coupled with town’s NFC televison broadcasting, as their ram expansion is about 32GB.

Introduction
Google, the world’s premier Search Engine Company have announced the development of a new operating system labeled Google Chrome.

The company unveiled plans to develop the new system on the 7th of July. Google has now officially made clear their intentions of directly competing with Microsoft in the Operating System market.

Chrome is listed as being a Linux derivative and will be free to use. It will first be launched with netbooks, with a mid-2010 release schedule.

Manufacturers working with Google include:

Acer
Adobe
ASUS
Freescale
Hewlett-Packard
Lenovo
Qualcomm
Texas Instruments
Toshiba

The graphical design is based on the Google Chrome browser, launched 9 months ago, and is being developed as a lightweight operating system with the Internet as its primary priority.

Chrome is focused on consumers who place a lot of emphasis on using the Internet.

Security & Privacy
Google has claimed that the security built into Chrome will shift from the dependence upon Security updates, and that Chrome users won’t have to deal with virus and malware infections.

They claim that it will just work!

Their bold claims however remain to be seen. It’s foreseeable that for the time being no computer system can be completely impervious to security problems.

Some individuals have also questioned their privacy and the protection of personal information by Google. We should bear in mind, however, that similar concerns have been raised about other companies that operate in this field.

A Brief History of Google
The Google Search Engine was started in 1996 as a research project by Larry Page, latterly joined by Sergey Brin.

Together they devised an algorithm with which to rank websites according to relevancy in Internet searches.

In 2000, the advertising product AdWords was launched. AdWords enabled businesses to purchase keywords for small adverts which could be placed alongside search results.

2004 saw the birth of Google Earth, the result of an acquisition of Keyhole, Inc who pioneered the initial software.

In 2006 Google bought online video repository YouTube.

Since it’s small beginnings Google have continued to offer more services, like iGoogle, GMail, Google News, Talk!, Picasa, AdSense and many more products.

FAQ’s
Q. What is Google Chrome Browser?
A. Chrome Browser is Google’s answer to competing web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera.

Q. What is Linux?
A. Linux was developed to be a free alternative to the once widely used commercial UNIX operating system, and is now also competing with Microsoft. In 1991, Linus Torvalds began work on the Linux Kernel (The ‘brain’ of a computer’s control software).

Q. What are Netbooks?
A. A netbook is a low-cost type of laptop computer designed mainly for wireless communication and access to the Internet.

Conclusion
Expect to hear more news about the development of Chrome OS later this year, we’re waiting with anticipation to see what Google’s’ offering will bring.

Capabilities of A Computer

These are the following capabilities of a computer:

1. Speed. With a speed reaching up to fifty million operations per second, a computer can process data faster than any other machine designed to perform a similar task. That is, adding two numbers is considered as one operation.

2. Repetitiveness. A computer can perform the same operation a million times in exactly the same way. The various operations are executed automatically by way of stored computer programs.

3. Accuracy. High-speed processing by a computer is accompanied by high-accuracy results. A computer can be considered 100% accurate. The electronic circuitry of computers is such that, when the machines are fed with correct instructions or data and when the incoming data is error-free, the accuracy of the output is relatively assured.

4. Logical operations. The computer can make a decision based on alternative courses of action. The decisions of a computer are, however, dependent on the programs prepared for it by the programmer. A decision consists of two steps, namely:

a. Determining if a certain statement is true or false.

b. Based on the result of the first step, choosing one or the other course of action out of the alternatives provided in the computer program.

5. Compact Storage. A computer has the ability to store large amounts of data in compact and easily retrievable form. It can store data at a very high speed.

6. Discipline. Discipline means that a computer can self-check and self-operate. A computer self-checks when it verifies the accuracy of its won work by means of a parity check. In a parity check, the computer counts the number of characters it has stored to make sure that there will be no loss of data during processing. In self-operation, a computer is capable of executing instructions on its own, without human intervention, once the program and the data re fed into the computer’s memory.

Limitations of Computer

The computer has the following limitations:

1. A computer cannot generate information on its own. While it is true that a computer has the capacity to put together information from many sources, it can only do this if it has been programmed by man to do so.

2. A computer cannot correct wrong instruction. If a computer is fed with incorrect instructions or data, whether intentionally or unintentionally, it does not have the capability to detect mistakes and correct them. In computer language, this is known as GIGO (garbage in garbage out). This means that a computer that has been fed with a wrong set of instructions or data will similarly produce wrong information and wrong decisions. Therefore, any corrections must be done by the programmer.

Feel free to drop your comments on this page and it’s my pleasure to know what you are thinking about my contents.

More Contents at a Glance!!

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer

The 3 Major Types of Computer

Two Types of Printers

The Internet History: how the Internet Works!

The Two Categories of Computer

The Functions of Computer Keyboard

Multimedia Hardware and Applications

How to handle Computer Hardware and computer Software

The Internal and Peripheral Parts of Computer Software

The Modern Internet Status

Definition Of A Survivable Computer System
—————————-
A computer system, which may be made up of multiple individual systems and components, designed to provide mission critical services must be able to perform in a consistent and timely manner under various operating conditions. It must be able to meet its goals and objectives whether it is in a state of normal operation or under some sort of stress or in a hostile environment. A discussion on survivable computer systems can be a very complex and far reaching one. However, in this article we will touch on just a few of the basics.

Computer Security And Survivable Computer Systems
————————————————–
Survivable computer systems and computer security are in many ways related but at a low-level very much different. For instance, the hardening of a particular system to be resistant against intelligent attacks may be a component of a survivable computer system. It does not address the ability of a computer system to fulfill its purpose when it is impacted by an event such as a deliberate attack, natural disaster or accident, or general failure. A survivable computer system must be able to adapt, perform its primary critical functions even if in a hostile environment, even if various components of the computer system are incapacitated.  In some cases, even if the entire “primary” system has been destroyed.

As an example; a system designed to provide real-time critical information regarding analysis of specialized medications ceases to function for a few hours because of wide spread loss of communication. However, it maintains the validity of the data when communication is restored and systems come back online. This computer system could be considered to have survived under conditions outside of its control.

On the other hand, the same system fails to provide continuous access to information under normal circumstances or operating environment, because of a localized failure, may not be judged to have fulfilled its purpose or met its objective.

Fault Tolerant And Highly Availability Computer Systems
—————————-
Many computer systems are designed with fault tolerant components so they continue to operate when key portions of the system fail. For instance; multiple power supplies, redundant disk drives or arrays, even multiple processors and system boards that can continue to function even if its peer component is destroyed or fails. The probability of all components designed to be redundant failing at one time may be quite low. However, a malicious entity that knows how the redundant components are configured may be able to engineer critical failures across the board rendering the fault tolerant components ineffective.

High availability also plays a role in a survivable computer system. However this design component may not maintain computer system survivability during certain events such as various forms of malicious attack . An example of this might be a critical web service that has been duplicated, say across multiple machines, to allow continuous functionality if one or more the individual web servers was to fail. The problem is that many implementations of high availability use the same components and methodology on all of the individual systems. If an intelligent attack or malicious event takes place and is directed at a specific set of vulnerabilities on one of the individual systems, it is reasonable to assume the remaining computer systems that participate in the highly available implementation are also susceptible to the same or similar vulnerabilities. A certain degree of variance must be achieved in how all systems participate in the highly available implementation.

What’s The Difference Between An Attack, Failure, And Accident?
How Do These Differences Impact A Survivable Computer System
———————————————————-
In many cases when I am discussing the security of systems with customers, the question of business continuity and disaster recovery come up. Most companies that provide a service that they deem critical just know the system needs to be operational in a consistent manner. However, there is typically little discussion about the various events or scenarios surrounding this and that can lead to great disappointment in the future when what the customer thought was a “survivable computer system” does not meet their expectations. Some of the items I like to bring up during these conversations is what their computer systems goal and objective is, what specifically does continuous operation mean to them, and specifically what constitutes an attack, failure, or accident that can cause loss of operation or failure to meet objectives.

A failure may be defined as a localized event that impacts the operation of a system and its ability to deliver services or meet its objectives. An example might be the failure of one or more critical or non-critical functions that effect the performance or overall operation of the system. Say, the failure of a module of code that causes a cascading event that prevents redundant modules from performing properly. Or, a localize hardware failure that incapacitates the computer system.  

An accident is typically an event that is outside the control of the system and administrators of a local / private system. An example of this would be natural disasters such as hurricanes, if you live in south Florida like I do, or floods, or wide spread loss of power because the utility provider cut the wrong power lines during an upgrade to the grid. About two years ago, a client of mine who provides web based document management services could not deliver revenue generating services to their customers because a telecommunications engineer cut through a major phone trunk six blocks away from their office. They lost phone and data services for nearly a week.

An now we come to “attack”. We all know accidents will happen, we know that everything fails at one time or another, and typically we can speculate on how these things will happen. An attack, executed by an intelligent, experienced individual or group can be very hard to predict. There are many well known and documented forms of attacks. The problem is intelligence and human imagination continuously advance the form of malicious attacks and can seriously threaten even the most advanced designed survivable computer systems. An accident or failure does not have the ability to think out of the box or realize that a highly available design is flawed because all participants use the same design. The probability that an attack might occur, and succeed may be quite low, but the impact may be devastating.

Conclusion
———————————————–
One of the reasons I wrote this article was to illustrate that it’s not all about prevention. Although prevention is a big part of survivable computer system design, a critical computer system must be able to meet its objectives even when operating under hostile or stressful circumstances. Or if the steps taking for prevention ultimately prove inadequate. It may be impossible to think of all the various events that can impact a critical computer system but it is possible to reasonably define the possibilities.

Operating System – The Soul for Hardware’s

Operating System is Software which governs the operation of the hardware. A typical computer consists of CPU (Central Processing Unit), IO (Input / Output) Devices, Storage, Memory etc., to interconnect all these things we need a controller. Operating System exactly does the job of the controller. A bare hardware does not function on its own. It needs the help of the Operating System for its each and every action.

Example:

We can compare the operating system with our soul. All of us have soul. Without the soul we all are dead like that operating system is the soul for the computer hardware. Our soul does a lot of internal functions but we are unaware of it. Likewise OS does a lot of internal functions in the computer hardware.

Functions of Operating System:

Like mentioned above Operating System does a lot of functions (internally) to maintain the computer systems stability. We can able to classify the functions into 4 categories.

Memory Management

Process Management

Device Management

File Management

(1) Memory Management:

Memory is one of the important parts as far as the computer is concerned. It is a temporary storage. The contents of the memory will be available as long as the power is switched on. When the power goes off the memory looses the contents available in it. Some people have the doubts regarding the difference between memory and storage. Memory is temporary whereas the storage is permanent. Storage retains its contents even though the power is switched off. OS performs the memory management by adopting various memory management algorithms. Its main objective is to manage multiple programs in the memory during their execution.

Example:

In the real time, black board can be regarded as a main memory. We can use chalk or marker to write contents in the black board. Once we are done, it can be erased and cleaned up, like the memory.

Paper can be regarded as storage. If we use ball point pen to write in the paper then the contents written in the paper remains for a long while. It is one of the real time examples for the storage.

(2) Process Management:

The central processing unit is the most important part of the computer. It is like a traffic controller. The control of the whole system is done with the help of CPU. The major function of the operating system is to maintain and manage central processing unit. OS uses various algorithms like LRU, FIFO to manage processes.

Example:

We can take traffic controller standing in a traffic signal as a good example for Process Management. The job of the traffic controller is to process all the traffic without any traffic jam or accident. Likewise the job of the process management is to process all the processes without any collision or deadlock.

(3) Device Management:

Device Management deals with Hard Disk which is the main storage as far as computer systems are concerned. In this the operating system plays a vital role in storing, manipulating, retrieving data from the Hard Disk. All these are attained by Operating System by using various Disk Scheduling Algorithms.

Example:

We can take store keeper in any normal stores as an example for Device Management. The job of the store keeper is to store the things which are given to him, whenever needed he picks up the things from where he kept and delivers to the customer. Likewise Device Management stores the data to the hard disk, and retrieves them as and when needed.

(4) File Management:

File Management deals with creating, manipulating, editing, modifying, deleting of files. Almost everybody who uses the computers for their work uses files. So it becomes one of the vital functions for Operating System to carry out these functions in an efficient and effective manner. The File Management does it effectively.

Example:

Take Clark or any Executives as example, their primary work will be to create and manipulate important files, Submit them to the high authorities as and when required. Likewise File Management manages files and returns to the user as and when needed. It uses several algorithms for storing and retrieving files from the storage.

All the functions which are mentioned above are core functions of an operating system, except these OS does many more functions. In a single word we can describe an Operating System as a “Supervisor” which supervises all the activities which occurs in any computer systems. Now a days Operating Systems are used in Robots, Cell Phones and many other areas. It delivers optimum service wherever it is used.

The development of ‘brain-like’ computers has taken a major step forward today with the publication of research led by the University of Exeter.
Published in the journal Advanced Materials and funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the study involved the first ever demonstration of simultaneous information processing and storage using phase-change materials.

This new technique could revolutionise computing by making computers faster and more energy-efficient, as well as making them more closely resemble biological systems.

Computers currently deal with processing and memory separately, resulting in a speed and power ‘bottleneck’ caused by the need to continually move data around. This is totally unlike anything in biology, for example in human brains, where no real distinction is made between memory and computation. To perform these two functions simultaneously the University of Exeter research team used phase-change materials, a kind of semi-conductor that exhibits remarkable properties.

Their study demonstrates conclusively that phase-change materials can store and process information simultaneously. It also shows experimentally for the first time that they can perform general-purpose computing operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. More strikingly perhaps it shows that phase-change materials can be used to make artificial neurons and synapses. This means that an artificial system made entirely from phase-change devices could potentially learn and process information in a similar way to our own brains.

Lead author Professor David Wright of the University of Exeter said: “Our findings have major implications for the development of entirely new forms of computing, including ‘brain-like’ computers. We have uncovered a technique for potentially developing new forms of ‘brain-like’ computer systems that could learn, adapt and change over time. This is something that researchers have been striving for over many years.”

This study focused on the performance of a single phase-change cell. The next stage in Exeter’s research will be to build systems of interconnected cells that can learn to perform simple tasks, such as identification of certain objects and patterns.

The University of Exeter is investing £ 230million in science and engineering through key issues, including functional materials.
The paper, published in Advanced Materials, can be accessed at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/ (ISSN) 1521-4095/earlyview
The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is the UK’s leading agency for funding research in engineering and physical sciences. EPSRC invests around £ 800 million a year in research and postgraduate training, to help the nation handle the next generation of technological change.

The areas covered range from information technology to structural engineering, and mathematics to materials science. This research forms the basis for future economic development in the UK and improving everyone’s health, lifestyle and culture. EPSRC works alongside the Research Councils with responsibility for other areas of research. The Research Councils work collectively on issues of common concern via Research Councils UK.

These days, it’s hard to work without the use of a computer. We are already dependent on the use of computer with almost every task that we made. Be it in writing some documents, a simple to complex gaming situations, to playing some digital audio and compact discs. The computer is very useful equipment that we have now. There are lots of good operating systems in the market. We have Macintosh, one of the most loved operating system that is widely used today. We have Microsoft Windows for all the masses. And we have Linux, a well-develop free operating system that we can use in almost all possible uses as the two commercial operating system. Linux is just a dream, and now that the open-source market is almost dominating the market. Linux is now a solid built and can now be use as an alternative for the two commercial operating systems. Linux can now compete head-to-head with the commercial software. With the hundred of developers spending time to develop every single application for the Linux environment, we are rest assured that it is closing in to the rock solid foundation of its own built.

I am now using Puppy Linux for more than 3 Years now. And the last built 5.2.8 is the best operating system Barry Kauler has developed at the 3 years span. It’s the most ambitious edition of the Puppy Linux operating system. It looks like a Windows7 environment. The good thing with this software is …it’s still a FREE operating system. Old units of computers such as Pentium II up to Pentium 4 will be degraded if we try to install Windows7. Good thing now is we have Puppy Linux that will not eat up every single resource your old computer has. Puppy Linux is a very light operating system that will make your old computer breath a new life again. Let me tell you, people are upgrading their computer to cope with the latest operating system that Microsoft computer release on the market. However, we have a choice. Either you buy a new computer or just use the old computer and make it productive again. The choice is yours! But if you only use the computer for simple tasks such as creating a document, recording some sound files, watching some DVD’s and playing your music collections. You might want to give it a chance and be more productive again in the next couple of years. And that is absolutely free. Thanks to Barry Kauler for his genius crafts.

All you have to do is download the installer from the site. And burn it to a blank CD-R. Presto! You don’t need any extra hardware to do the job. Just insert it to the PC or laptop. You might alter some of the BIOS properties to make the CD drive the first to boot. If you are lucky enough it will just run without any confirmation codes. Just wait for the first time it has a longer time to boot. But when you save the files after the first boot it will be much faster the next time around. It’s like magic that your old Pc will be more functional again without having to spend a single penny! And most of the tasks you do in windows or Macintosh are also possible in the Puppy Linux environment. Not only this, Puppy Linux is almost invulnerable to any intrusion of viruses and other malwares. It’s really a great feature for this open-source ware. You don’t have to worry again on PC’s invaded by virus and other malware or spyware. And that’s really a magic if you used to the usual scenario of virus related problems. All I can say, Puppy Linux is very handy applications that provide all the basic application that a user will be searching inside commercial software. You don’t have to be a geek to use Linux, the interface is very intuitive. Even a first time user will be productive enough in the first sessions.  Puppy Linux can also fit inside a USB dongle so you can carry it with you wherever you go, making it a pocket operating system.  You don’t have to alter the PC that you insert the USB dongle on, it works like a real magic. Windows and Macintosh have never developed such a light to the system OS. All they have to do is develop an OS so they can sell. This operating system is a great help for a third world countries as like the Philippines. Philippines is never exposed to such software, so the people are obliged to pay for the software they use or buy a pirated version. Pirated version is very rampant here in the Philippines but if only the people were given the choice to use this open-source ware. It will be much more legal than using pirated propriety software with no legal complications. Free to use and distribute.

This is the beauty of open-source ware, and it will be giving your PC another year to be more productive again. It is updated nearly after every 6 months. Rather than using your obsolete software which is very susceptible to malwares and viruses, this software is much more secure than the previous one. It is right to give Barry Kauler the appreciation for this wonderful freeware. Please do download these freeware if you have those old PC’s and give it a try. I assure you won’t regret it!

-Jose Godofredo Tuliao

http://www.reverbnation.com/severemetastasisRecycling your Old PC through Linux

These days, it’s hard to work without the use of a computer. We are already dependent on the use of computer with almost every task that we made. Be it in writing some documents, a simple to complex gaming situations, to playing some digital audio and compact discs. The computer is very useful equipment that we have now. There are lots of good operating systems in the market. We have Macintosh, one of the most loved operating system that is widely used today. We have Microsoft Windows for all the masses. And we have Linux, a well-develop free operating system that we can use in almost all possible uses as the two commercial operating system. Linux is just a dream, and now that the open-source market is almost dominating the market. Linux is now a solid built and can now be use as an alternative for the two commercial operating systems. Linux can now compete head-to-head with the commercial software. With the hundred of developers spending time to develop every single application for the Linux environment, we are rest assured that it is closing in to the rock solid foundation of its own built.

I am now using Puppy Linux for more than 3 Years now. And the last built 5.2.8 is the best operating system Barry Kauler has developed at the 3 years span. It’s the most ambitious edition of the Puppy Linux operating system. It looks like a Windows7 environment. The good thing with this software is …it’s still a FREE operating system. Old units of computers such as Pentium II up to Pentium 4 will be degraded if we try to install Windows7. Good thing now is we have Puppy Linux that will not eat up every single resource your old computer has. Puppy Linux is a very light operating system that will make your old computer breath a new life again. Let me tell you, people are upgrading their computer to cope with the latest operating system that Microsoft computer release on the market. However, we have a choice. Either you buy a new computer or just use the old computer and make it productive again. The choice is yours! But if you only use the computer for simple tasks such as creating a document, recording some sound files, watching some DVD’s and playing your music collections. You might want to give it a chance and be more productive again in the next couple of years. And that is absolutely free. Thanks to Barry Kauler for his genius crafts.

All you have to do is download the installer from the site. And burn it to a blank CD-R. Presto! You don’t need any extra hardware to do the job. Just insert it to the PC or laptop. You might alter some of the BIOS properties to make the CD drive the first to boot. If you are lucky enough it will just run without any confirmation codes. Just wait for the first time it has a longer time to boot. But when you save the files after the first boot it will be much faster the next time around. It’s like magic that your old Pc will be more functional again without having to spend a single penny! And most of the tasks you do in windows or Macintosh are also possible in the Puppy Linux environment. Not only this, Puppy Linux is almost invulnerable to any intrusion of viruses and other malwares. It’s really a great feature for this open-source ware. You don’t have to worry again on PC’s invaded by virus and other malware or spyware. And that’s really a magic if you used to the usual scenario of virus related problems. All I can say, Puppy Linux is very handy applications that provide all the basic application that a user will be searching inside commercial software. You don’t have to be a geek to use Linux, the interface is very intuitive. Even a first time user will be productive enough in the first sessions.  Puppy Linux can also fit inside a USB dongle so you can carry it with you wherever you go, making it a pocket operating system.  You don’t have to alter the PC that you insert the USB dongle on, it works like a real magic. Windows and Macintosh have never developed such a light to the system OS. All they have to do is develop an OS so they can sell. This operating system is a great help for a third world countries as like the Philippines. Philippines is never exposed to such software, so the people are obliged to pay for the software they use or buy a pirated version. Pirated version is very rampant here in the Philippines but if only the people were given the choice to use this open-source ware. It will be much more legal than using pirated propriety software with no legal complications. Free to use and distribute.

This is the beauty of open-source ware, and it will be giving your PC another year to be more productive again. It is updated nearly after every 6 months. Rather than using your obsolete software which is very susceptible to malwares and viruses, this software is much more secure than the previous one. It is right to give Barry Kauler the appreciation for this wonderful freeware. Please do download these freeware if you have those old PC’s and give it a try. I assure you won’t regret it!

-Jose Godofredo Tuliao

http://www.reverbnation.com/severemetastasis

Part of the Microsoft features, System Restore is a way to save your computer if something awful happens to it. It allows you to roll back your system files, registry keys, installed programs and other components on your computer back to a time and date when things were not malfunctioning and going haywire. In many ways it is like time travel for your computer to return to a moment when it was not spinning out of control and shutting down.

Suppose you have a virus or some spy ware that is infecting your computer and you know that it got on your system just a week or two ago. Or suppose that your computer is miserably acting up for reasons you do not even understand. With System Restore, you can manually select a point of restoration by going to your control panel and choosing to System Restore. You choose a date to roll back to and then the computer will erase all files and components and installations and setting changes taking your computer back to that chosen date.

Your desktop might change if you changed it recently, all of your chosen settings will not be what they were. You can undo this restore if you wish and get everything back again.

System restore backs up your computer’s registry, the files in your Windows File Protection folder, and your local user profile. Also your COM+ and WMI databases are backed up and so is your IIS Metabase and all the specific file types that are monitored by Windows.

Your computer will be creating natural restore points so that a list will be drawn up for you as you use your computer normally. Whenever something goes wrong, you can choose from this list of restore points because your computer has compiled possible times when you installed or did something that could be causing the problems.

When you install anything at all using Windows Installer, or any other installers, System Restore will make it a restore point. If Windows Update installs new updates, another restore point is born. If you install any driver not signed by Windows Hardware Quality Labs, one will be made. Every 24 hours of computer use or every 24 calendar hours, the system will make a system checkpoint and this is only done if the system is idle.

Another restore point will be made if you have kept your computer off for more than 24 hours and then when you turn it on, one will appear. Finally, you can request for your computer to make a restore point anytime that you believe one ought to be necessary. Be aware, though, that each time a new restore point is created, an old one is booted out.

When you rollback your files, you might worry what all you could lose. With Windows Vista, you will not lose any personal files in My Documents. That is certain, so if you want to protect something then putting it in that folder will guarantee that it stays safe no matter when you restore your computer back to. Also, you can restore your system as long as you boot up normally or through safe mode. If your computer doesn’t boot up at all, you can’t do the restore at all and will have to try to use something else to restore your system.

You can have access to articles in Portuguese language from page Articles

Roberto Sedycias works as IT consultant for Polomercantil

Microsoft has put a new article on Windows online website covering the whole history of Windows operating system:

1975–1981: Microsoft boots up

It’s the 1970s. At work, we rely on typewriters. If we need to copy a document, we likely use a mimeograph or carbon paper. Few have heard of microcomputers, but two young computer enthusiasts, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, see that personal computing is a path to the future.

In 1975, Gates and Allen form a partnership called Microsoft. Like most start-ups, Microsoft begins small, but has a huge vision—a computer on every desktop and in every home. During the next years, Microsoft begins to change the ways we work.

The dawn of MS‑DOS

In June 1980, Gates and Allen hire Gates’ former Harvard classmate Steve Ballmer to help run the company. The next month, IBM approaches Microsoft about a project code-named “Chess.” In response, Microsoft focuses on a new operating system—the software that manages, or runs, the computer hardware and also serves to bridge the gap between the computer hardware and programs, such as a word processor. It’s the foundation on which computer programs can run. They name their new operating system “MS‑DOS.”

When the IBM PC running MS‑DOS ships in 1981, it introduces a whole new language to the general public. Typing “C:” and various cryptic commands gradually becomes part of daily work. People discover the backslash (\) key.

Geek trivia: MS‑DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.

1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0

Microsoft works on the first version of a new operating system. Interface Manager is the code name and is considered as the final name, but Windows prevails because it best describes the boxes or computing “windows” that are fundamental to the new system. Windows is announced in 1983, but it takes a while to develop. Skeptics call it “vaporware.”

On November 20, 1985, two years after the initial announcement, Windows ships Windows 1.0. Now, rather than typing MS‑DOS commands, you just move a mouse to point and click your way through screens, or “windows.” Bill Gates says, “It is unique software designed for the serious PC user…”

There are drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes that make programs easier to learn and use. You’re able to switch among several programs without having to quit and restart each one. Windows 1.0 ships with several programs, including MS‑DOS file management, Paint, Windows Writer, Notepad, Calculator, and a calendar, card file, and clock to help you manage day-to-day activities. There’s even a game—Reversi.

Geek trivia: Remember floppy disks and kilobytes? Windows 1.0 requires a minimum of 256 kilobytes (KB), two double-sided floppy disk drives, and a graphics adapter card. A hard disk and 512 KB memory is recommended for running multiple programs or when using DOS 3.0 or higher.

1987–1992: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more speed

On December 9, 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and expanded memory. With improved graphics support, you can now overlap windows, control the screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work. Some software developers write their first Windows–based programs for this release.

Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor. When the Intel 386 processor is released, Windows/386 soon follows to take advantage of its extended memory capabilities. Subsequent Windows releases continue to improve the speed, reliability, and usability of the PC.

In 1988, Microsoft becomes the world’s largest PC software company based on sales. Computers are starting to become a part of daily life for some office workers.

Geek trivia: Control Panel makes its first appearance in Windows 2.0.

1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the graphics

On May 22, 1990, Microsoft announces Windows 3.0, followed shortly by Windows 3.1 in 1992, Taken together, they sell 10 million copies in their first 2 years, making this the most widely used Windows operating system yet. The scale of this success causes Microsoft to revise earlier plans. Virtual Memory improves visual graphics. In 1990 Windows starts to look like the versions to come.

Windows now has significantly better performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and improved icons. A new wave of 386 PCs helps drive the popularity of Windows 3.0. With full support for the Intel 386 processor, programs run noticeably faster. Program Manager, File Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 3.0.

Windows software is installed with floppy discs bought in large boxes with heavy instruction manuals.

The popularity of Windows 3.0 grows with the release of a new Windows software development kit (SDK), which helps software developers focus more on writing programs and less on writing device drivers.

Windows is increasingly used at work and home and now includes games like Solitaire, Hearts, and Minesweeper. An advertisement: “Now you can use the incredible power of Windows 3.0 to goof off.”

Windows for Workgroups 3.11 adds peer-to-peer workgroup and domain networking support and, for the first time, PCs become an integral part of the emerging client/server computing evolution.

Windows NT

When Windows NT releases on July 27, 1993, Microsoft meets an important milestone: the completion of a project begun in the late 1980s to build an advanced new operating system from scratch. “Windows NT represents nothing less than a fundamental change in the way that companies can address their business computing requirements,” Bill Gates says at its release.

Unlike Windows 3.1, however, Windows NT 3.1 is a 32-bit operating system, which makes it a strategic business platform that supports high-end engineering and scientific programs.

Geek trivia: The group that develops Windows NT was originally called the “Portable Systems” team.

1995–2001: Windows 95—the PC comes of age (and don’t forget the Internet)

On August 24, 1995, Microsoft releases Windows 95, selling a record-setting 7 million copies in the first five weeks. It’s the most publicized launch Microsoft has ever taken on. Television commercials feature the Rolling Stones singing “Start Me Up” over images of the new Start button. The press release simply begins: “It’s here.”

This is the era of fax/modems, e‑mail, the new online world, and dazzling multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking.

At the time of the Windows 95 release, the previous Windows and MS‑DOS operating systems are running on about 80 percent of the world’s PCs. Windows 95 is the upgrade to these operating systems. To run Windows 95, you need a PC with a 386DX or higher processor (486 recommended) and at least 4 MB of RAM (8 MB of RAM recommended). Upgrade versions are available for both floppy disk and CD-ROM formats. It’s available in 12 languages.

Windows 95 features the first appearance of the Start menu, taskbar, and minimize, maximize, and close buttons on each window.

Catching the Internet wave

In the early 1990s, tech insiders are talking about the Internet—a network of networks that has the power to connect computers all over the world. In 1995, Bill Gates delivers a memo titled “The Internet Tidal Wave,” and declares the Internet as “the most important development since the advent of the PC.”

In the summer of 1995, the first version of Internet Explorer is released. The browser joins those already vying for space on the World Wide Web.

Geek trivia: In 1996, Microsoft releases Flight Simulator for Windows 95—the first time in its 14-year history that it’s available for Windows.

1998–2000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me

Windows 98

Released on June 25, 1998, Windows 98 is the first version of Windows designed specifically for consumers. PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online are popping up. Windows 98 is described as an operating system that “Works Better, Plays Better.”

With Windows 98, you can find information more easily on your PC as well as the Internet. Other improvements include the ability to open and close programs more quickly, and support for reading DVD discs and universal serial bus (USB) devices. Another first appearance is the Quick Launch bar, which lets you run programs without having to browse the Start menu or look for them on the desktop.

Geek trivia: Windows 98 is the last version based on MS‑DOS.

Windows Me

Designed for home computer use, Windows Me offers numerous music, video, and home networking enhancements and reliability improvements compared to previous versions.

First appearances: System Restore, a feature that can roll back your PC software configuration to a date or time before a problem occurred. Windows Movie Maker provides users with the tools to digitally edit, save, and share home videos. And with Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 technologies, you can find, organize, and play digital media.

Geek trivia: Technically speaking, Windows Me was the last Microsoft operating system to be based on the Windows 95 code base. Microsoft announced that all future operating system products would be based on the Windows NT and Windows 2000 kernel.

Windows 2000 Professional

More than just the upgrade to Windows NT Workstation 4.0, Windows 2000 Professional is designed to replace Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 on all business desktops and laptops. Built on top of the proven Windows NT Workstation 4.0 code base, Windows 2000 adds major improvements in reliability, ease of use, Internet compatibility, and support for mobile computing.

Among other improvements, Windows 2000 Professional simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices.

Geek trivia: The nightly stress test performed on Windows 2000 during development is the equivalent of three months of run time on up to 1,500 computers.

2001–2005: Windows XP—Stable, usable, and fast

On October 25, 2001, Windows XP is released with a redesigned look and feel that’s centered on usability and a unified Help and Support services center. From the mid-1970s until the release of Windows XP, about 1 billion PCs have been shipped worldwide.

For Microsoft, Windows XP will become one of its best-selling products in the coming years. It’s both fast and stable. Navigating the Start menu, taskbar, and Control Panel are more intuitive. Awareness of computer viruses and hackers increases, but fears are to a certain extent calmed by the online delivery of security updates. Consumers begin to understand warnings about suspicious attachments and viruses. There’s more emphasis on Help and Support.

Windows XP Home Edition offers a clean, simplified visual design that makes frequently used features more accessible. Designed for home use, Windows XP offers such enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced digital photo capabilities.

Windows XP Professional brings the solid foundation of Windows 2000 to the PC desktop, enhancing reliability, security, and performance. With a fresh visual design, Windows XP Professional includes features for business and advanced home computing, including remote desktop support, an encrypting file system, and system restore and advanced networking features. Key enhancements for mobile users include wireless 802.1x networking support, Windows Messenger, and Remote Assistance.

Windows XP has several editions during these years:

Windows XP 64-bit Edition (2001) is the first Microsoft operating system for 64-bit processors designed for working with large amounts of memory and projects such as movie special effects, 3D animations, engineering, and scientific programs.

Windows XP Media Center Edition (2002) is made for home computing and entertainment. You can browse the Internet, watch live television, enjoy digital music and video collections, and watch DVDs.

Windows XP Tablet PC Edition (2002) realizes the vision of pen-based computing. Tablet PCs include a digital pen for handwriting recognition and you can use the mouse or keyboard, too.

Geek trivia: Windows XP is compiled from 45 million lines of code.

2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security

Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the strongest security system yet. User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. Windows Vista also features enhancements to Windows Media Player as more and more people come to see their PCs as central locations for digital media. Here you can watch television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.

Design plays a big role in Windows Vista, and features such as the taskbar and the borders around windows get a brand new look. Search gets new emphasis and helps people find files on their PCs faster. Windows Vista introduces new editions that each have a different mix of features. The redesigned Start button makes its first appearance in Windows Vista.

Geek trivia: More than 1.5 million devices are compatible with Windows Vista at launch.

2009–Today: Windows 7 and counting…

By the late 2000s, the wireless world has arrived. When Windows 7 is released in October 2009, laptops are outselling desktop PCs and it’s common to get online at public wireless hotspots like coffee shops. Wireless networks can be created at the office or at home.

Windows 7 includes many features, such as new ways to work with windows—Snap, Peek, and Shake. Windows Touch makes its debut, enabling you to use your fingers to browse the web, flip through photos, and open files and folders. You can stream music, videos, and photos from your PC to a stereo or TV.

By the fall of 2010, Windows 7 is selling seven copies a second—the fastest-selling operating system in history.

Geek trivia: Windows 7 is evaluated by 8 million beta testers worldwide before it’s released.

What’s next?

Many laptops no longer have a slot for DVDs and some have solid state drives rather than conventional hard disks. Most everything is streamed, saved on flash drives, or saved in the “Cloud”—an online space for sharing files and storage. Windows Live—free programs and services for photos, movies, instant messaging, e‑mail, and social networking—is seamlessly integrated with Windows so that you can keep in touch from your PC, phone, or the web, extending Windows to the Cloud.

Meanwhile, work is underway for the next version of Windows.

Article by Rangga Cipta Diputra

Mobile Operating System (generally known as Mobile OS, mobile software platform or a handheld OS) is software systems that contains programs and also data which controls the system and performance in a handheld electronic product. It provides the same capability to Microsoft windows, Mac pc OS X, and Linux on the desktop computer or laptop but with simpler systems. Commonly, it can be put in on smart phones, Personal Digital Assistances, as well as tablet computers. Below are the typical operating systems used by mobile phones: Android OS made by Google Corporation. It is an open source and Linux-based operating-system and commonly used by a maker of smartphones nowadays including Samsung, HTC, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, LG, Huawei, and many more. The particular variant of this os is the Android 3.2 also known as Honeycomb. BlackBerry OS is a software made by RIM (Research In Motion). It is a closed source and also proprietary so that the vendor doesn’t allow the other developer to get involved in developing the os. For the information, BlackBerry operating system or shortened BB OS is different from the BlackBerry Tablet pc OS for the reason that Blackberry OS was produced exclusively for Blackberry smart phones. The recent variant of this os is going to be OS Blackberry 7. iOS is the operating system| from Apple Inc. which is also a closed source and exclusive. The iOS manufactured by Apple to support only for products produced by Apple e . g . iPhone and iPad. The most up-to-date steady version is the iOS 4.5.3 released in July, 2011. Symbian OS is the system from the Symbian Foundation (open public license). This includes some mobile Symbian OS that doesn’t totally back up each other; S60 3rd edition, S60 5th edition, S80, UIQ, MOAP, and Symbian 3/Anna. These operating systems are still being improved and based on Symbian 3. Windows Phone from Microsoft is also a closed source OS and proprietary. Windows Phone previously known as Windows Mobile and was initially unveiled in February 2010. Any further development of the edition owns a code name of Mango. MeeGo stands out as the operating system of The Linux Foundation (open source, GPL). Meego is actually a joint project between Nokia and Intel, but at a later time ceased by Nokia, and there are just two handsets produced by Nokia which use the Meego OS; Nokia N9 and Nokia N950 (only for the developer). Bada OS of Samsung Electronics (closed source, exclusive) can be utilized only on hardware made by Samsung as well as being just found in the Wave series.