Internet and Technology

The main ” thinking part” of  the modern computer is  called ” microprocessor”. It   is just  of the  size of a shirt button and is  encased in a postage stamp- size frame and  contains millions of submicroscopic  parts called transistors. These transistors can conduct electricity only in one direction and so can be used to switch on or switch off currents  a million times per second. Such a “superfast”  speed is required in modern computers.  Due to logic circuits(mathematical circuits) constructed with these transistors  a computer  can  solve  problems like 2+3=?,10-7=?, 4×5=?,30/8=? at the speed of a million problems in one second!  The newest  computers can do about a thousand million operations per second!

 The reason for such speed is this. Electric currents which flow at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second do the mathematical work in the computers at such terrific speed. A computer’s brain  needs a superfast clock and a superfast switch. The transistor  is that switch   and is also used to assemble tiny ” clock circuits” which can produce extremely accurate clock signals. In coordination with the clock signal which  divides a second into a hundred  million tiny time units  all the mathematical  operations inside computer take place.  The step by step operations  going on in the  electronic parts inside computer fall in line with the pulses of the clock signals  like the movement of soldiers in a military drill( The pulses are produced at the rate of millions of pulses per second).  The transistor can work as a perfect switch because it alows current in one direction only  and stops current when it enters in reverse direction.

 Just as we use bricks to build  walls,rooms, canals,cupboards and  then entire multistoreyed houses we use” transistor” as the brick  to build all the” thinking parts” of the computer. First the parts called “logic gates”  using 20 or 30 transistors are built. . In each logic gate  a ” voltage”(current at a certain fixed level)  designated as “  0 ” or “  1 “  level   can  stay for a long time. This is made possible  by making  the tiny electric  currents circle indefinitely inside the logic gates like water in a  whirlpool.  These “logic gates” are used to build   very fast data- forwarding parts called “registers”.The register contains a row of 8,16,32 or even 64 logic gates like police barracks. If  number of logic gates in a “register”  is large the calculating  power of computer also is large.  The primmary  unit for data storing has eight serial chambers . Millions of such data storage units exist in a  most important part called “main memory” inside the computer..”Main memory “is  like a big township with serial numbers for each data storage unit just like house numbers .                                                    

We have noted that the” register” is the smallest unit of data processing and exists in side the “processors”. The processors are the   real decision taking parts and are just big groups of registers .Each register  specalizes in processing a certain category of data  There are many processors inside the “microprocessor” each working like an office or bank .doing specialized service. the registers  dispose off incomoing and outgoing data  within a processor very fast. The register is  like a clerk  in a  bank or office.  In contrast a” processor” containing a few dozen registers  inside  is actually a specialized logic circuit.  It is is like a government office, bank.post office ,hospital,police station etc where a citizen can get a particular type of service. There is   chief   processor called the” microprocessor” overseeing work of all the other processors inside the computer.. This is  just like  a princpal  of a college guiding and controlling other proffessors.Thus we have one ” processor”  for mathematical work,  one for networking of  computers and one for  monitoring the  internal electric circuits of computer every second  etc.

. The   different processors  containing highly specialized registers  can do complcated  mathematical work, move data between different locations, process data for printing , rearrange words ,sentences and paragraphs in a page , adding color and editing color,searching for particular data in a big database etc.   Any of these works is done step by step extremely  accurately at terrific speed at the rate of  millions of steps per second. . The set of standardised  software instructions prepared by expert software enginners  in coded computer languages  are recorded on magnetic and optical discs.Such recorded discs are also sealed inside computer at time of manufacture. Such a bundle of discs sealed inside computer is called   “hard disk”.

These instructions written on discs in specially coded computer language run into tens of thousands of lines or even hundreds of thousands of lines.When we switch on the modern personal computer  and give a special command(i.e. coded language instruction) to it the software which we want is automatically copied from the hard disk to the “main memory”.   The “microprocessor” is the heart and brain of  the modern  computer. It is made of millions of transistors  and is actually a huge city of thousands of  smaller processors( the  decision making units) and millions of data storing units( like houses in a city where data are stored in unit sizes for further processing). This entire “city” exists on a single thin silicon chrystalof the size of a shirt button!

. The tiny transistors on the silicon crystal are  invisible to the naked eye and exist in three dimentional layers in geometrical patterns. Most  of them are interconnected by submicroscopic “wires” which are themselves not real wires but electronic designs also printed in neat geometrical patterns . The “inhabitants” in the rooms(logic gates) of these “memory houses” are the millions and billions of 0’s and 1’s.  (The 0’s and 1’s stay for only a limited time and new 0’s and 1’s come in their place in the next instant.) The “memory houses” too  like real houses have “house numbers” which are recognised by the computer programme .

. *                                                       *********************************

But let us think of the times which we can call the” stone age” of computers i.e the period of  the very first electronic computers ( built with  about twenty thousand hot filament diode valves in each calculator)  I used the word “stone age” with great regard and affection for these old electronic wonders which did the mathematical work at hitherto unheard of speeds..The first electronic computer like  ENIAC( 1946),  the EDSAC(1946),  UNIVAC(1951) were no doubt very efficiet giants but were  very   clumsy compared to the cute  little  personal computers  of today. The old computers  faltered every few hours  due to fusing of  dozens of  diodes every hour. Twenty four hour airconditioning was required.

As already mentioned the total  equipment  in each such computer required a dozen or more almirahs and required  a big airconditioned hall  for each computer. But they were magical machines which proved the scientific theory behind electronic computers and could do complicated mathematical calculations in  less than  thousandth of a second. There were hardly half a dozen such huge experimental installations each costing tens of millions of dollars.research on them was commissined only by the U.S.Defence department . The U.S.Army required almost  instantaneous mathematical data for sending american missiles in to the sky to attack incoming enemy rockets and destroy them in the skies.

( Of course radar signals were sent continuosly day and night every day to detect incoming enemy rockets by studying the reflected radio signals.Then the computer calculated within fraction of second the trjectory of incoming rocket,the required trajectory for the outgoing american rocket ,required quantity of fuel,engine speed etc  in thousandth of a second!)  

.The diode is the first  electronic devise which could be used as a very fast switching devise required in computers of first generation.. The diode could switch on or switch off small electric currents million times per second! It proved by its fast  switching power that electric currents  can be used to create fast mathematical machines. Each of these electronic giants perhaps looked like the famous  ” Time Machine” of H.G.Wells in science fiction with  hundreds of  switches,red/green/yellow indicator bulbs ,kilometers of  connecting wire,the  beep beep sounds  and blinking lights

. All the inputting of data(sending data to computer’s brain) was  perhaps done with the help of  rows of electric switches  and the outputting  (getting answers out of computer) was done perhaps by decoding with help of photo electric detectors The  output  data punched on  fast rotating paper tape .both the input and output were  in the form of long rows of 0’s and 1’s.  Only expert engineers and mathematicians could decode them. The  bizarre endless strings of “0”  and “1″s confused even the best electrical engineers and mathematicians sitting at the computer..

An interesting fact is that the calculating power of a pocket calculator of today is more than that of any of these ” first generation”  computers! The reason why they are classified as the first generation is that they used the “electronic parts” called  diodes (as in radio and tv)  and not the electro- mechanical parts like mechnical wheels  rotated by electric motors..

But still the computer was a very mysterious scientific device whose secrets were known only to big army generals,proffessors and seniormost engineers. Untill the great “transistor ” was invented and its great potentialities to replace the diode valves in computers were proved by engineers and scientist the computer did not  attract  the attention of ordinary citizens ,college and university students etc

.                                                             ****************************

The invention of” transistor” was indeed a great event in history of computors.It is also the basic buiding block in radios,tvs,recording devices,radars etc.  The transistor is nothing but a tough solid semiconductor chrystal of the size of a sand particle.  After its electronic properties and great potentiality became known it almost entirely replaced the diode volve in computers,radios,tvs and all other electronic eqipment. The  lilliputian Transistor became  the ” brick” and basic building block for the assebly of logic circuits,registers and processors . It completely drove out the big hot filament diode valve in a few years. By 1955 thousands of transistors were connected into the electronic circuits of the computer and they performed exactly like the big hot filament diode valve .

The tiny transistor simply revolutionized the architecture of electronic computers. In the first days single individual transistors were used  to construct the logic circuits,registers and processors in computers just as in radios,tvs and other electronic eqipment.Individually and singly. the “  transistors”  were  connected into the electric circuits  of computers by means of thin wires called “cat’s whiskers” firmly attached to the  transistor and outwardly visible.

Perhaps ten thousand to twenty thousand  big size individual transistors  were used in a computer with outwardly visible wire connections. These  clumsy fully transistorised computers are called the ” second generation computers”. These computers were also quite big  in size though not so big as the unwieldy” first generation” computers of 1950s made from diode valves     We can say that only since the second  generation  the  shape and  standard basic architecture of  the computer became clear and its  great potentiaities   were properly understood. The second generation machine soon attracted the attention of engineers,technicians,mathematicians,  businessmen etc. But it was a clumsy machine by modern standards.

                                                                        **************************

 At about  1965  other extremely significant and path breaking developments took place in transistor technology.  Entire sets of  transistors along with the electrical parts called  resistances and capacitors  required in every electronic eqipment like radio, tv  and computer were “grown” on a single thin silicon crystal  by chemical and heating processes.Even the electric leads (in place of wire connections) were also “grown” on the silicon crystal base.  This technology is called “integrated circuit” technology. In the begining only a group of ten or twenty transistors arranged in a particular logic circuit and its  electric connections ,resistances,capacitors etc were   ” grown” on a single silicon chip. Such basic units were used to assemble registers,processors etc.

Later  far  bigger sized “integrated circuits “  were grown on a single silicon crystal  successfully   The computers built using  the “integrated circuits”  were very sturdy and also quite small  resembling a  big size tv set. Such computers consumed only low quantities of electrical energy because like telephones they worked on low voltages like 10 volts and 15 volts.They did not heat up during functioning and worked for hours together without any break . What is more , the computing speed and memory capacity increased many times and cost decreased .( because silicon chrystals were very cheap  compared to the hot filament diodes.) . The  technologies  of today can “grow”  upto twenty million  transistors on a sigle silicon chip. This resulted in  increasing the processing capacity hundreds of thousands of times. The new technology showed the potential of a modern transistor based computer.

                                                                 *******************************   

The great American scientist and mathematicia  Dr.John  Von Neumann  can be called father of modern computer. It was he  who proposed in 1946 construction of “stored program” electronic calculators and proposed a detailed internal architecture consisting of a “main memory” from  which data and instructions(formulas) would go to the registers inside the main processor and necessory mathematical circuits would be switched on and answers  flowed back to a section of main memory.  Every  register played a predesignated role inside the processor. The main processor  processed  data only as per the instruction set loaded by the programmer on the main memory

.After  the incorporation of a seperate part called “main memory” in  the giant electronic calculators of those days,we can say that the modern electronic computer was born. But the entire computer was constructed only with hot filament diode valves. It is wonderful to note that even the latest computers  still  follow the  basic architecture proposed byDr.Von Newmann. The world should be greatly indebted to him. The “main memory” in computer is  a data storing part like a city with millions of buildings and neat streets with each house being alloted a specific house number.  It is also like the black board in a class room used by the maths teacher  to write the formulas,the maths problem,working steps and the answer. When the next group of students come  the teacher  rubs away all that is written for the previous group  on the black board. Then he writes new formula,new problem,new working steps and answer. When this group goes he repeats the procedure for next group.

 In the class room the mathematics problem has generally about ten steps in its working. But in the tough mathematical problems solved by computers there wiill be hundreds or even thousands of working steps. They are collectively called the “stored program” and are written on the part called”main memory” by computer engineers( by typing in data through punched tape or keyboard )in a coded form . The code is in the form of  rows and rows of  0’s and 1’s   and can be understood only by the computer engineer and the ” processors” of the computer. 

To understand the meaning of ’stored program” computer we should first understand  the difference between a computer and a tv (or radio). In radio/TV the far away   programmes are recieved through  radio waves from the far away  radio/TV station.  At the very instant after we hear/see those programmes   the signals disappear from radio/TV  without trace just as water poured into a bucket with a gaping hole flows  out from bottom( as soon water is poured at top).  The data of the just concluded programme disappears from the radio or TV .  But in Von Neumann model  of the computer,   the” computer programme” which is a set of   a few hundreds  mathematical steps  (just like working steps which  the teacher writes on the black board )is recorded in advance  on the black board  called “main memory” .

The” main memory” can also be compared to the white paper  note book which the student uses to write down the steps dictated by the teacher. The student  can read the matter even   a few  months after it is written as it is recorded. In ordinary language the word memory means our brain’s remembering capacity. But incomputer matters the word “memory” represents  ” the device like black board , white paper note book,  we use to record any matter  permanantly  so that we can utilise that  data  at a later time “.

Similarly we can also read old data in computer  even days or months latter by  cheking the part called “main memory” .  However in modern computers all the data lying on “main memory” is copied to files in the hard disk by giving the “save” command on key board. “Save” means “preserve permenantly”.. The main memory is automatically ” wiped clean” when  we switch off the computer.  Next time when we switch on the computer we can give command to computer to bring a particular file to main memory.

   “The commanding and controling part in computer”(the CPU) studies whatever”instructions” from human operator/engineer are recieved (as found on the part called “main memory”) and processes them. The “instructions “given by an engineer to computer are in a  highly coded computer language like “c” or “c++”  with not even an extra comma or full stop permitted. They are actually a kind of mathematical code with “reserved words” which can acess and activate huge central electric circuits inside computer. We can bring  hundreds or even thousands of commands or instructions onto the main memory  from the files in the hard disc  by giving proper commands

.                                                             ***************************************  

   As already said even before arrival of first generation computers there were a few dozen electricity based calculating machines. They also performed well but could not store any data (like radio/tv )as explained above. What was the idea behind construction of  those old calculators which existed before the first generation machines? Many electrical engineers and mathematicians had  for many decades pursued  an exciting idea. Electricity travels in wires at speeds of 200,000 kilometers per second or more. Electricity has two states i.e “switch on current” and  “switch off current”.  Let us represent “switch on state ” of an electric bulb as “1″ and” switch of state” as “0″. 

The electric engineers and mathematicians argued  as follows . Suppose  we  represent  all numbers in a 8-digit code  having different combinations of  “1″s  or “0″s  only.  We have eight independant parallel electric circuits in which only two specified levels of current can flow and these levels are represented as “1′ or “0″. All the eight currents (in only two varieties either “0″ or “1″) are controlled by a single switch i.e.  they start or stop at the same moment . Then can we   make numbers” flow” through electric wires  by giving each number a 8-digit code like “11010101″?.

Such a combination of eight 0’s and 1’s will circulate through the parallel paths seperately but will together represent a number like   0,1,2,3,4,…..9.. If numbers are sent through such binary code (i.e. the 0 and 1 code) and special mathematical circuits are developed  then electricity can be made to solve mathematical problems at speed of flow of electrons through wires i.e. at about 200,000 kms per second. The answer after about six,seven decades of research was the eletronic calculators invented in 1950s.

 (A)Let us consider an example of how a computer  makes mathematical calculations.

Example 4×1000 =?

It is solved by computer as 4+4+4+4+4+…1000 times.

it is done as follows 

4+4=8

8+4=12…

12+4=16..and so on for 1000times. At the end it looks as below.

 3988+4=3992

3992+4=3996

3996+4=4000

For us it is a tedious way but for computer it is  a most easy thing. It can do million sums like   8+4=12 in just one second.

(B)  we can  represet numbers(1,2,3,4…etc)  by different combinations of “1″ and “0″ taken in a  groups of eight “1″ or “0″ symbols

ex:    0000 0001=1      

        0000 0010=2

         0000 0100=4

         0000 1011=11 and so on

(C)  we can also suggest a code to represent alphabets like a,b,c,d etc or symbols like ?,+, %,& etc.To represent alphabets add two more “0″ or “1″ s to each eight group as a specially coded prefix( indicating a special electric circuit.)

ex:    01  0000 0000=a

         01  0000 0010=b

         01  0000 0100=c   and so on

(D)To represent ” special symbols “  we can add another type suffix(i.e.”10″ instead of “01″)

ex:  10 0000 0001 =”+ ”

      10 0000 0010=” ?”

       10 0000 0100=”%” and so on       

(note: The examples are hypothetical but computers follow only very similar logic)

The first computers  needed only binary codes(i.e. the 0,1 code)  for numbers.They did not use alphabets (a,,b,c,d .etc)or symbols like( +,-, ?.) They had only electric circuits  for  doing addition,subtraction,multiplication.division etc . They had no need for alphabets and special symbols. We should clearly understand that the first computers were only very fast  mathematical  calculators having no need for alphabets and any other symbols. Only later for electronic printing of textual data by computers and not for any mathematical work the above sbinary codes were standardized.

                                                                     *********************************

 Modern computers  are thousands of   times more powerful than the 1st generation  “stored programs ” computers invented by Dr John Von Neumann. This is because the processor speed , memory capacity,data access speed and data transfer speed all have increased many fold after the silicon chip containing millions of transistors came into use. Modern computers can perform many other tasks like preparing engineering drawings for designing cars,airplanes,ships etc, composing and printing  pages of matter,composing and printing text books, taking a photo or vedeo and printing it instantly, playing films from recorded CDs  etc.Computers connected to Internet can upload or download printed pages, printed text books, photograpphs, audio and vedeo,lengthy  cinema films etc.

 What are calculators?The pocket calculator everbody now uses is   a most advanced  Von Neumann  model computer  doing only mathematical work. A big computer  of  1940s costed millions of dollars but the small calculator avalable with high scool students  costs only a few dollars and has more calculating power!

.What is a cell phone? It is  a very powerful network computer as powerful as personal computers used in banks and offices. It can connect to any cell phone or digital land phone or networked computer any where in world  in a second with the help of  very powerful softwares like TCP/IP.

What is a robot? It is one of the ultimate marvels  in “stored program” computers. It would take  at least three or four  years to load its brain with whole dictionaries,encyclopedias,formulas of mathematics and engineering.Some modern robots can  pour tea into cups,walk a few feet and serve the tea most carefully with out spilling a drop. Some can fight duels on a stage  falling,rising and balancing their bodies and fight.as long as you want.Some dance to recorded music which a guest from outside brings . Some can recieve guests,greet people and give answers . Robots have intelligence of two year old children ,

Note: this essay is only for lay persons who do not know the basics of computer. so the statistical data is also  given in a rough way  without going to  extremities of  accuracy.                                                                    ****************************  

Purchasing a new personal computer (PC) should be a well thought out process, but all too often consumers just go out and buy what they think is good, because of the great price without doing a little homework first. A consumer’s homework should always include, knowing the specifications of the PC they want to purchase and making sure that the PC they choose suits their specific needs. Now without getting all technically technical, I would like to cover some basic specification elements and basic parts that every PC shopper should know about and learn how to recognize when shopping for a new PC and its accessories.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

OK, now I am going to talk about the Central Processing Unit or the CPU. But first I must warn you that I am not a computer geek (one throws amazing computers together like there’s no tomorrow). I will attempt to write and explain this in words that people like me (the average Joe) can comprehend. The CPU is considered as the PCs thinking cap or the brain of the PC. It processes the information you the user tells it to process. There are two main manufacturers that you will see when purchasing your new PC, Intel and AMD and both have had their strong points and not so strong points alike. Regardless, both CPU processor manufacturers produce awesome results for billions of PC users around the world. Today’s PCs have what you call a DUAL CORE or X2 processor and if you haven’t purchased a computer in the last few years you probably have a single processor (like I still do), unless you installed one yourself. A DUAL CORE or X2 processor is like two processors in one, they process information twice as fast as the older single processors and what I hear, there awesome. My current research tells me that if you see a computer with a CPU speed of 1.6 GHz (gigahertz) DUAL CORE or X2 processor or higher, you have the most current technology on the market today. But, and I am sure a lot of people reading this will agree with me when I say, as soon you buy a new PC current technology typically goes out the window within a few months, because newer, faster and better technology is always being manufactured for PCs. The same rule applies here: The higher the GHz, the more expensive the computer will be.

The Hard Disk

The hard disk or the hard drive of a PC is the component where all information is saved and stored. Today, you will want to buy a computer with at least a 10 GB (gigabyte) hard drive or higher, the bigger the better. PC users depend on the higher capacity hard drives for picture storage, song library’s, games, programs, e books, scanned files etc. And once again, the bigger the hard drive, the more expensive the PC will be, but you will be amazed at how much a 160 GB hard drive will cost you these days.

The RAM (Random Access Memory)

The RAM or Random Access Memory contributes to the team of components within the PC by allowing the user to perform certain tasks simultaneously, like surf the web and working on a spreadsheet at the same time. The RAM saves data temporarily, so the user doesn’t have to wait a long period of time when performing multiple tasks on their PC. Chances are, if your PC is hesitating when performing various multiple tasks and loading slow when you turn it on, your memory is no longer sufficient. There is good news though; all PC’s come with additional slots inside the case where the average Joe can insert more memory to optimize the RAM of their PC. Always make sure you have sufficient memory for your specific needs. When shopping for your next PC, RAM can be identified as memory in 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, and 512 MB and so on. Here the higher the number the better, but as before the higher the number the most expensive the computer will be.

CD-ROM and/or DVD

CD-ROM is the PC’s component that reads data and music from compact disks. The DVD allows for playback of favorite movies and music. Today’s PC CD-ROM’s have speeds that are 24X (times) the standard speed and some have the ability to write to a blank CD-ROM. The top DVD and CD-ROM components sold today have write and read capabilities and a new technology called LightScribe. LightScribe enables the user to burn their data onto the disk then flip the disk over and burn the label into the disk, very awesome new technology and well worth checking out.

Sound Card

Every PC should come with a sound card. It is the component that enables the user to play back sound through the PC’s speakers. It acts as a processor of sound and the better the quality sound card is the better quality sound it produces.

Graphics Card

A graphics card is a team player piece of hardware which is installed inside a computer. It is this very valued piece of technology that allows the brilliant animations, movies and pictures to display on the PC’s monitor. Most PC’s come with an adequate graphics card when you purchase one, but if you are in the market to build your own PC, I have read that the most extravagant graphics cards can cost in upwards of $ 2,000 USD and even more for the most sophisticated systems.

Network Adaptor

A network adaptor is a hardware that enables the computer to hook up to the network of other computers. It gives the PC Ethernet capabilities to hook up to high speed Internet connections. With today’s PC bundles network adaptors are pretty much always included as an integrated part of the system.

USB Ports

Everyone enjoys their USB Ports at one time or another. These nifty little plugs allow the user to plug a whole number of accessories into them. For example, USB keyboards, USB printers, USB Web Cameras, USB phones and the list goes on and on. My PC’s have at least three to four on the back and a couple on the front for the user’s convenience. 

And Finally,

The Monitor and Accessories

The monitor is the screen where all the information is viewed from the computer. I know this is a no brain er and I do not want to insult anyone’s intelligence, but it is important to know that it is a vital part of the PC’s system; after all, you wouldn’t be able to see or view anything with the PC if you didn’t have one. Most PC monitors sold today are reasonably priced, flat screen, very light and versatile LCD’s with brilliant color and some feature sound capabilities. In choosing the right monitor for you, determine which size will best suit you, perhaps a smaller 14 inch LCD or a huge 25 inch wide screen LCD monitor. Keep in mind though; with speakers integrated and the bigger the monitor is, the more it will cost. Next, most bundled PC systems come with a ball barring or an optical mouse, a 101 key keyboard, and external speakers. But some higher end PC’s do not come with these accessories. Consumers who buy high end PC’s typically prefer to buy their accessories separate, because of the wide variety of upgraded features offered on the market today.

Wow, I know! This is a lot of information to know about PC’s, who would have ever known how much goes into that little piece of precious technology that sits in every consumers home and business. Believe it or not, there is a whole lot more to know, but here we have just stuck pretty much to the basics of just about everything you should know. The point here is not to memorize all of this before you go out shopping for a new PC; it is to educate you about the different specifications of today’s PC’s, so that you can better understand what you are shopping for, so the next new PC you buy suits your needs for many years to come. And by the way, if anyone is looking for a great deal on a new or refurbished PC, let me know and I will be glad to do some research for you and point you in the right direction to your next PC purchase.

LG Optimus GT540 is one of the popular TFT resistive touchscreen mobile phone from LG and also known as LG GT540 Swift or  LG Loop GT540 . It was released in June 2010 in both the networks of 2G and 3G. Within 5 months only, this accelerometer sensor mobile handset has made mobile lovers so much crazy that they are striving to own this handset as soon possible.It has a huge internal memory of 139 MB which can be extended upto 32GB which helps in storing all the important and necessary files, documents, videos and pictures into it.

This handset is one of the elegant creation by LG mobile phones, available in three  wonderful colors of  Black, White, Pink. Black and white are the priority choices by males whereas through its Pink attire Girls could flaunt their beauty.This handset gives access over the social networking integration with live updates.

One can surf at  Google Search, Maps, Gmail You Tube and Google Talk.

By surfing these popular websites one can be closer to their loved ones as well as with Google search one can increase their knowledge through  Wikipedia etc.It has the camera power of 3.15 MP with 2048×1536 pixels resolution which can Geo-tag, detect face and blinking of eyes. Videos too can be recorded at the frequency of  VGA@17fps. It has the operating system of Android OS which is undoubtedly one of the excellent OS for the mobile phones.LG Optimus O2 Deals this handset could be get in lower cost on the network services of Orange, Vodafone, O2, T-mobile, Virgin and Three.

Most of these deals are offering Lg Optimus Pay As you go handset free of cost while few of them are charging minimum amount . One could get Bluetooth headsets, watches, headphones, car kits, television sets, laptops, gaming consoles as Sony PSP, Nintendo Wii, Wii fit, home theater systems, digital or video cameras etc with these offers.  This mobile phone is available in  pay as you go forms too.

The company has also showcased newly-created software, which would help expand the existing virtualized cloud computing systems. IBM had spent more than $ 17 billion on developing hardware and software for cloud computing, and by 2013, it is expected to invest nearly $ 45 billion in the sector. “Cloud computing is clearly gaining share of voice in the IT ecosphere as a result of its ability to provide dynamic scheduling, provisioning, and management of virtualized computing resources on demand,” said a technologist.

About the new software

Creating a rapid cloud environment is the main benefit of the latest technology unleashed by the company and it provides an image management system that facilitates installation, configuration and automation and creation of new virtual machines.

“IBM’s new virtual management software hinges around the announcement of IBM Tivoli Provisioning Manager 7.2 — a product built to help organizations manage virtual computing resources with automation tools for data center provisioning activities, including provisioning software for image federation and deployment across heterogeneous infrastructures,” revealed a company spokesperson.

Other benefits

The IBM Tivoli Storage Manager for cloud environments would also employ VMware’s vStorage APIs for Data Protection and offload backup workload from virtual machines to vStorage backup servers. Also, it would offer better recovery options and integrate and simplify management of storage data.

“IBM has also demonstrated technologies that provide a centralized management platform for hybrid cloud environments for both on and off premise deployments. “The new technology extends service management capabilities such as governance, monitoring, and security across physical and virtualized resources in private and public clouds as well as traditional physical deployments,” stated the company release. The company is expanding its cloud computing technology and aims at becoming number one in it.

Article by Rent Smart

Children these days have more access to technology than many of us had only ever dreamed of. While some of us may remember the single grey box running Windows 3.1 and DOS, today’s classrooms are fitted out with some of the most advanced technology available including broadband internet, web video technology – even loaner laptops that students can use at home. The Digital Education RevolutionNSW has introduced its digital education revolution that aims to provide all secondary school students their own personal laptop to use for school by 2012. Many public school students are already enjoying the opportunities this new technology offers. They can do research for assignments, visualise concepts and be instantly in touch with fellow students, teachers and even relevant experts that can help answer their questions.’The one thing that is common across all the research into interactive whiteboards and laptops for individual students is how engaged, motivated and interested in the school work most kids become,’ says NSW science teacher, Julie Haeusler. ‘They’re more likely to stay focused on the task, and more likely to do homework after school.’The Victorian government has also embarked on its own netbook program, supplying 10,000 public school children with netbooks in 2009. With their netbooks, children can use the internet for research, learn about animation, movies and 3D models, create their own multimedia projects, interact with fellow students as well as gain a broader perspective by engaging with students from overseas. Outside of school supplied laptops, parents can supplement their children’s learning tools with internet, SmartPhones, eBook readers and audio-visual technology such as HDTV. When it comes to your child’s education – you can give them that extra leg up and an incredible learning advantage by staying up to date with the latest technology. When you rent a PC, you’ll be able to upgrade to the latest available equipment when it becomes available. This means faster and better technology to keep up with the changing times.

Information and Communication Technology

Information and Communication Technology is the technology used to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information by using electronic computers, communication devices and software applications.

Information refers to the knowledge we own through our daily  routine whereelse communication is the act of transmitting message using symbol, sign or verbal interactions to exchange information with each other.On the other hand, technology is used to create processes and products that fulfill mankind needs by using scientific knowledge, experiences and resources.

History of Information and Communication Technology

Human had used technology to transmit message and information since many years ago. In 3500bc, cuneiform writting was developed. In 1500bc, alphabet was created. This is followed by the developement of paper, printing machine, telegraph line, telephone, television, computer, photocopier machine and much more. Even though the technology used in the past is less advance, but they had lead to the invention of more efficient technology such as internet and communication satellite.

The technology timeline:

cuneiform writing(3500BC)
alphabet (1500BC)
paper (105BC)
printing machine(1454)
telegraph line(1793)
telephone(1876)
television(1925)
computer(1941)
photocopier machine(1958)
satellite(1963)
Internet(1969)

In older days, computer was used just as the counting machine. However as the user demand increases, more and more function had been added to computer.Therefore a more complex computer had been invented and the evolution of computer began.

If you wanted to know more about the evolution of computer, kindly visit Computer Generation

This is just some basic information for a starter to learn about information and communication technology. If you wanted to learn more about ICT, kindly read my articles.

In my next article, i will write about the impact of Information and Technology on Society.

Please keep reading my article and rate them if you like!

If you wanted to join bukisa so that you can comment, kindly click on the link below!

http://www.bukisa.com/r/thunder02

Information technology books are functional for the professionals engaged in Information technology consulting, Information technology enabled services, Computing, Software, and Business process outsourcing industries. Information Technology books provide a range of fundamental information covering the IT and IT enabled service sector. Information technology books covers Data Management, Database Systems Design, Software Design, Management Information Systems, Computer Networking and Systems Management. Information technology is a major driver of technological and economic change.

information technology books explain market statistics and offer a comprehensive impression of the globalization of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. These books also explain the impacts of electronic business processes and an analysis of the development and describe the movements in industries supplying IT goods and services. Information technology books aid the IT practitioners to function efficiently since these books supply and portray appropriate technical knowledge, skills and experience of expert IT professionals, and also a broad understanding of the milieu in which they operate. Some information technology books are The Global Information Society by Wendy, Rethinking Management Information Systems: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (Chap. 14 “Information Technology Outsourcing: What Problems Are We Trying to Solve?”), Security Management (It Infrastructure Lib… by Jacques A. Cazemie, Applications Management: Itil (It Infrastructure Library Series), Planning to Implement Service Management (IT Infrastructure Library) etc.

Computer Hardware Books deal with the area of hardware. Computer hardware books explain the details of computer parts. These books provide detail information on how to manage computer, how to repair the system. Some computer books are – Upgrading and Repairing PCs by Scott Mueller, A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Y by Jean Andrews, iPad by J. D. Biersdorfer, Hello, Android by Ed Burnette, Windows 7 by David Pogue, CompTIA A+ Certification All-in-One by Michael Meyers, Upgrading and Repairing Networks, PC Technician Black Book, PC Hardware: A Beginner’s Guide, Troubleshooting, Maintaining & Repairing PCs and many more.

Network marketing is a type of marketing practice used by businesses set up to sell their products and services. Network marketing is basically using sovereign contractors, who establish their own businesses, to sell the company’s products and services to others. Network marketing businesses, while relatively easy to start, need hard work and commitment to make them successful. Network marketing books deal with the principles needed to set up the business and to make that business successful. Some of network marketing books are How To Start Your MLM Network Marketing Company  by Rod Cook, How to Build a Multi-Level Money Machine: The Science of Network Marketing  by Randy Gage, How to Make Big Money in Network Marketing by David Roller, Future Choice : Why Network Marketing May Be Your Best Career Move by Michael S. Clouse, Kathie J. Anderson, Scott DeGarmo, Your First Year in Network Marketing: Overcome Your Fears, Experience Success, and Achieve Your Dreams  by Mark Yarnell, Rene Reid Yarnell.

Sales and marketing books deal with areas of sales and marketing. Sales and marketing books provide the detail information on how to start sales and marketing business, how to be successful in this field, the principles of sales and marketing and many more. Some of sales and marketing books are Now, Build a Great Business!: 7 Ways to Maximize Your Profits in Any Market by Mark Thompson, Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die by Chip Heath, Real-Time Marketing and PR: How to Instantly Engage Your Market, Connect with Customers, and Create Products that Grow Your Business Now by David Meerman Scott, The 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing by Al Ries, Jack Trout, The 4 Routes to Entrepreneurial Success by John Miner.
 

Get connected with computer books that bring you with information technology books and >sales and marketing books and lots more with mba, management books at your hand at affordable prices.
 

Article by kelly

Fitting within any cloud computing infrastructure, shorter bid periods and accelerated deal times are only some of the many advantages provided by virtual data rooms.

You may have heard the buzz words “Cloud Computing” recently and while it may seem like “new” technology, it is really only the latest jargon for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet.

The term was inspired by the cloud symbol that is often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams and basically refers to three service categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as a-Service (SaaS).

Infrastructure-as-a-Service provides virtual server resources with unique IP addresses and blocks of storage on demand. (Think Amazon).

Platform-as-a-service is a set of software and product development tools hosted on the provider’s infrastructure. These website portals or gateway software is installed on an individual computer.

In the software-as-a-service platform, a vendor supplies the hardware infrastructure, and provides the software distribution model in which applications are hosted by the vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet. The product then interacts with the user through a front-end portal.

Virtual Data RoomsA VDR is an online document repository and is the electronic equivalent of a physical data room, sitting within the SaaS model. Documents are easily uploaded into a secure, centralised online datasite, where invited parties log-in to conduct due diligence in accordance with the permission levels established by the administrator.

VDRs facilitate the secure exchange of sensitive information between buyers and sellers during a broad range of financial transactions. By significantly reducing deal time and providing both buyers and sellers with better document management tools, a VDR allows M&A professionals to review relevant data and facilitate transactions around the clock, globally.

Data control Greater control and flexibility over the organization and presentation of data is a key benefit of a VDR. Sellers can easily cast a wider net to engage qualified bidders around the world, keeping multiple parties interested and in turn levering the inherent competitiveness of the bidders. Administrators have the capability to limit access to certain information that is not relevant to particular viewers or completely deny access to certain documents altogether.

By streamlining the workflow and increasing transaction speed, a VDR offers benefits to both parties. Buyers desiring to quickly determine a potential target’s value enjoy the flexibility and convenience of working from the comfort of their offices or from any Web-enabled portal without having to arrange for travel or dealing with schedule restrictions caused by competing buyers.

Buyers’ interest For corporate managers selling their assets, VDR’s provide real-time tracking information that empowers sellers to closely assess the quality and value of invited guests. A VDR can monitor the viewing, downloading and printing activities to help sellers understand the interest and thoroughness of review. If the reports show that “C-level,” and not junior level managers are reviewing the documents, the opportunity may be judged as more realistic. Real time tracking is an invaluable intelligence tool to identify the most interested and best potential buyers.

A market leader Regardless of the complexity of a given transaction, a smooth due diligence process that reduces transaction time is a critical element to deal making. Top VDRs employ rigorous security protocols and give site administrators highly specific, individualized control that allows them to grant or limit document actions such as viewing, printing, downloading, cutting and pasting content and access to original source files. Through the deployment of a cutting edge technology, multi-lingual customer service and constant development, Merrill DataSite has emerged as a leading provider of VDR technology, offering advanced features and making all documents viewable in a common format that is 100 percent text searchable in any romance language.

Language translation With requirements particular to European markets, it can often be difficult to move information from one country to another. A VDR transcends physical boundaries by capturing, indexing, presenting documents and making them accessible from any internet browser. Equally important, Merrill DataSite includes translation features for both machine and certified renderings, providing viewers with more flexibility and speed. Merrill DataSite enables smarter, faster and better deal-making.

Richard A Martin Jr is a Senior Director at Merrill DataSite. For more information http://www.datasite.com; +44 (0) 207 422 6100

Let us consider the old traditional telephone.All telephones are connected  by overhead wires(carried over telephone poles on the road side) to the area  telephone exchange. Previously a man used to give connections between two  phones by manually linking the sockets of the two phones inside the exchange  building with a small wire.”the telephone exchange” is the leader of that  group of phones. There must be at least a few hundred thousand such little  exchanges covering our entire Earth. All these exchanges are linked by  unbreakable connections( by wires/cables/optical cables or wireless).In  achieving this connectivity whole groups of exchanges should be connected to  a very powerful central exchange serving half a country . All such central  exchanges will again be connected to just a few dozen “back bone” exchanges  so that every one of the hundreds of millions of phones on earth can be  linked to any other phone working in any faraway corner of the earth.

Now a days  an unimaginably big mesh of strong and durable  thick metal  wire “coaxial” cables and  far more powerful optical fibre cables covers  entire earth. (optical fibres can provide a hundred thousand two way channels  through a single optical fibre cable).Some of these metal/optical fibre  cables are laid for part of the route for hundreds of kilometres on ocean  floors encased in very strong rubber and metal casing to last for at least  half a century. But this is only half the story about telephones.

Nowadays two way all weather foolproof radio channels are linked by the  fixed “geostationary satellites” circling  20000 miles over the earth which  relay the radio signals to any part of earth.  These satellites are  geostationary i.e the stop over our heads 20000 miles above without moving  and work in effect like 20000 mile high towers!these satellites have inside  them powerful recieving and tranmitting electronic automatic instrument  systems. On the earth in every country very powerful recievers and  transmitters are fixed on high “tranmission towers” to recive and relay  incoming signals or to transmit outgoing signals recieved from the phones  linked to faraway exchanges.In this way every phone can be linked to any  other phone on earth in fraction of a seond automatically by “direct  dialling” by the users. the cell phone is a small size two way radio phone  linked to all places on earth by unbreakable all weather radio link through a  most modern technology. The land phones in our houses are linked for just  four or five miles by the overhead telephone wire over the telephone poles  and after that they too are linked to the international radio/optical  fibre/coaxial metal cable link. Though this high technology is used engineers  still follow the good old rules of”central tephone exchange”.However now all  data i.e.all our conversations are converted into  strings of billions of  01010101s.the strings are devided into neatly cut “data packets” each  containing about 20000 zeroes and ones eqivalent to about 50 sentences of  printed alphabets.In this way telephone technology is working wonders and  turned entire earth into a small village. .We can talk to a person in america  or afica as if he is sittin next to you in your room.

Now we have come to a stage sufficient to discuss how computers in your  office,in your town, in your country are connected to a faaraway computer in  another part of the world just like phones. we should note that in new  technolgy there is no difference between phone and computer.Both work with  billions of 01010101s only .in fact cell phone is also a very powerful  computer with a powerful “microprocessor chip” inside it containing software  to implement the “tcp/ip technlogy “which is the life breathof modern digital  networking technology.
due to such modern technology computers in our houses,offices,business  establishments can be interconnected with any other computer both within our  town  and also with computers in any part of the world just like  telephones.If a computer is connected with any other computer (in the proper  prescribed way through software commands)  whole books,songs,vedeos etc lying  in your computer’s memory can be sent to any other computer just in fraction  of a second. With the most modern optical fibre technology and “broad band  internet”  matter inside all the books in a big library (if kept in memory of  a computer) can be sent into memory of another far away computer in a second!  a connection with a strong fat wire called coaxial cable is enough to do this  unbelievable feat.

When we want to know about the technology of connecting computers we shold  have clear understanding about technology phone networks.Actually modern  computers and phones are closely related in technology of networking.it  closely follows the old telephone exchange technology.Modern cell phones are  actually powerful computers though small in size with two way radio  tranmission facility. Cell phones work only on the  digital radio technology  where all information is sent/recieved only by wireless(radio) and where all  information(i.e human conversation or any other data) is sent in units called  data packets. The cell phone towers  relay the radio sigals from and to the  cell phone.originally every computer worked alone all by itself unconnected  to any other computer(“stand alone computer”) to carry out tough mathematical  caculations for business houses,government departments and universities.but  prices of computers came down drastically due to researches in transistor and   silicon chip/ printed circuit technologies. After introdction of   automatic   self-managing “disc operating system” inside computers  small computers  became very popular.every industry,college,hospital,business etc started to  purchase not one but a dozen computers. All computers inside one campus were  interconnected to share the huge data in each of “main memories” or  “secondary memories”.the technology of linking  computers began.a very  advanced technology called lan technology to link computers inside same  campus was introduced.All the computers in a campus were linked by a long  coaxial cable and had to obey orders from a “leader computer” called  “server”. Only the two computers selected by server can communicate and share  data and all others had to wait and keep quiet.   Computers in a lan are  connected to other lans (in a faraway part of city or in another town)  through “wan” (wide area network) technology much like trunk telephone  exchange technology. inside each lan one computer was selected as”router”i.e.  a group leader which granted permission to a lan memmber(computer) to talk  with a computer of another lan . The routers of all lans in a area were  connected to the head router which controlled the wan. the head routers of  several wans were connected to  routers of still bigger wans  which covered a  whole country. It is  all just like old telephone exhchange system but with  “digital packets” transmitted in the routes.

Finally let us reember the main parts of a modern computer to better  understand how it can be linked to other computers. in each computer there is  a most important part called “main memory” .The data sent into computer  through keyboard/ mouse/cd is sent first to the main memory before being sent  to processors inside computer. If an answer data is sent out from computer to  monitor screen,printer,sound boxes etc,first it reaches the main emory from  the processors inside computer. The memory is like a black board in the  class room .However the controlling part of computer is the microprocessor.It  gives orders to main memory and  smaller processors how to process  incoming/outgoing data the microprocessor is like the central brain,the  commander-in-chief

We come to the last point.when a computer” x “is connected to  computer “y “which is ten miles away in another town and we have to send  data(written data,sounds like songs,speech or vedeo i.e moving pictures) from  x to y what happens?the written data in the main memory of x can be seen in  monitor screen of y. the songs and conversatios recorded in main memory of x  can be heard though speakers connected  to y. Similarly the vedeo files kept  inside main memory of “x” can be seen only through monotor screenof”y”. Thus  simply by connecting two computers through a cable all data(written  data,audio,vedeo)can flow from one to the other.Nowadays hundreds of  computers are connected. for data(writtentext,audio or vedeo) to flow to  another designated faraway computer,the rules of lan/wan/internet have to be  followed very strictly and prescribed software requests/instructions/commands  should go between the routers/requesting computers. For this purpose each  computer in a netwok is alloted a  permanent identification coded number.It  is recorded in all computers and routers and is like a telephone directory  inside each computer.

Morris, 1988

This is one of the initial viruses to appear in the fledging computer technology and the internet.  The virus is created by a Cornell University’s student Robert T. Morris. He created the virus in an effort to measure the capacity and size of the internet. Unexpectedly, it has crippled 6,000 computers at that time because it exploited an existing flaw in the UNIX system. Given that there are only 60,000 computers in 1988, Morris has successful destroyed 10% of the world’s computers. Morris is sentenced to three years in jail and a $ 10,000 fine.

Mellisa, 1999

The fearsome Mellisa has forced major companies like Microsoft, Intel Corp and Alcatel-Lucent to shut down their email gateways due to the large volume of traffic the virus generated. Mellisa is created by a computer programmer, David L. Smith over the name of a Florida Lap dancer. Smith was sentenced to 40 years behind bar and millions of fines. However, he managed to reduce it to 20 months and $ 5000 in fines by agreeing to cooperate with FBI to uncover other computer hacker/virus creator.

VBS/Loveletter, 2000

This virus originated from the Philippines. But within a single day, it had infected computers all over the world by using the infected computer’s email list to spread to new computer directly. It is estimated to have caused a total damage of $ 5.5 billion, mostly from wasted staff time.

Code Red, 2001

Servers that are infected with Code Red will display a text “Hello, Welcome to http://www.worm.com Hacked by Chinese!” on their websites. This virus exploited a security weak point in Microsoft IIS web server. However, Microsoft was quick and a fix was introduced within a month, reducing its damage to the world to just $ 2.6 billion.

Nimda, 2001

Nimda is “Admin” spelled backwards. Nimda took just 22 minutes to spread as far and wide as did Code Red. Nimda secret was to use several different propagation vectors. It had successfully created masses of emails to transmit itself. Nimda actually took advantage of the security flaws in Microsoft IIS security. However, compared with Code Red, Nimda only caused $ 625 million in damage.

SQL Slammer, 2003

On January 25, this worm began using a buffer-overflow bug in Microsoft SQL Server and MSDE (Microsoft Desktop Engine) database products. It rapidly distributed copies of itself around the world, causing major denials of service and slowing down the entire Internet. An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 systems were affected. As with Code Red, a patch for the SQL Server flaw had been available for months.

MS Blaster, 2003

MS Blaster spread via multiple version of Windows Operating System and targeted windows update service from Microsoft. It had denied the service from windows update to prevent Microsoft from distributing its update patch to fix the virus. Once the virus has infected the PC, it will caused random restart on machine running Windows NT, Windows XP and Windows 2003. Among the victim are Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, BMW AG, Philadelphia City Hall and other home/corporate users. It is thought to be created by the Chinese.

MyDoom, 2004

This virus spread through P2P program like Kazaa and also email. It would mask itself as an error message that when opened emailed copies of the virus to the victim’s address book. This virus avoided attacking computers at certain universities and also corporation like Microsoft and Symantec Corp. Probably to avoid detection and the subsequent fix by these entities. Later on, it does launch a distributed DoS attack against Microsoft and The SCO group from about 1 million infected computers.

Sasser, 2004

Sasser spread among Windows XP and Windows 2000 machines by exploiting a buffer overflow in these operating systems. It had cause Delta Air Lines Inc. to cancel its 40 trans-Atlantic flights and forcing Australian trains to halt because operators could not communicate with signalmen. Despite this, Sasser’s then-teenage German creator was tried as a juvenile and drew a mere 21-month suspended sentence for releasing Sasser into the wild.

Witty, 2004 Witty was the first worm to exclusively attack network-protection software. It also carried a specifically vicious payload, alternating harassment on random IP addresses in groups of 20,000 with overwriting parts of infected computers’ hard disks, steadily rendering them out of use. Witty’s overall effects were relatively tiny because of its vendor-specificity; however, it showed that a worm could affect a population of machines and networks whose administrators were actively taking steps to improve security.