Internet and Technology

Is management an art or a science?

In general sense, management is the art of handling the different aspects of the organization. And it is also a type of science like the mathematics is a formal science then management is also came in the category of the formal science. But if take a look keenly then, management is totally an art. This is an art that how we communicate with the general people, which came in the management. It is the ability and art of a manager that handles the organization in well manner and keeps growing the organization level because of using his abilities.

Let us suppose that a person came to a manager in very angry mode, and after taking to the manager, he is convinced according to the manager point of view, then it was the art of a manager that he has handled the customer in a friendly way. Management is not totally depend upon the manager’s ability, it also the team work of the other organization members, who contribute there effort for the organization. Again it is an art that a group of people work together for so long time and reach to some high level, because of there managerial skills and abilities.

It is believed that management is both an art as well as science. The reason is that different sources justify it with different reasons. According to Webster’s College Dictionary, management is an art because it provides the skills for conducting human activities and it is a science because the skills and techniques which are used in management are precise applications. Scientific principles which are used in management, give the managers specific body of information to guide their behavior. It is also considered an art by the people who think that it is a skill borne of personality and ability.

Also depends on what you’re managing. Business management is a science. Nuclear dynamics is a science. Managing the calories you put in your body is a science (you are using data to make a decision). Managing (or deciding) the next color to apply to a painting is an art. Or an art form.
The previous answer was pretty good, but lacked in practical application. And each application will determine which result it is. Management is art as well as science because it involves the element of arts like the capability of the person and their approach towards the given task. Management is science because it involves the logic and principle behind the things done. Science and art both plays an important role in management.

The word Manage id taken from Italian word “Maneggiare” means to handle, especially to handle or train horses. Here management refers to an Art because managing or training horses is not a science or profession. Managing originally used to indicate other process for managing, training or directing. Management has been called other art of geeting things done through people.

The art of management is a personal creative power plus skill in performance. The contemplation of problems, events and possibilities develops personal creative power, while experience, observation, and study of results contribute to skilled performance. In other words management art involves envisioning orderly whole from chaotic parts, communicating other vision, and acheiving other goal. It is other “art of arts” because it organizes and uses human talent.

The scientific method has played an important role in building managment knowledge and improving managerial skills. The field of management has taken long forward steps since other begining of this century. There is now adequate knoledge for a solid foundation, but it should not be assumed that other scientific method will soon provide all other answers. Managers have to contend with uncertainties that cannot be removed by scientiific endeavour.

An important argument for other accumulation of scientific knowledge about management is other need to develop large number of executives. Even though such knowledge is limited, other student can be some significant insights in to other nature of other management problem.

Science and technology are today coming to their full fruition. Hardly a business can continue its affairs without some reference to other scientific and technological systems. The harnessing of science and technical knowledge is for ‘management’.

Among other many persons who are occupationally engaged in management, most have qualified earlier in their industrial or commercial cases in specialized technical or professional fields as engineers, chemists, accountants etc. They have risen to higher executive positions through years spent in other specialized pratice of their profession of technology.

Ultimately management is both, science and art… Management is incomplete without anyone…

The concept of management is universal and very old. That is why different views have been expressed about its nature by different writers from time to time. The continuous and rapid development of management principles and practices in organization has changed the nature of management. The main points of view about the nature of management are given below:

Management as an Inborn or Acquired Ability

In the pre-scientific management period, i.e., prior to 1880 there has been a leading concept that management is an inborn ability. It is a traditional approach. The supporters of this concept believe that the hereditary characteristics, inborn talents and natural aptitudes of a man make him an efficient manager. Some people are so efficient and talented since their birth that they lead and get success in the field of business. To our mind, this concept was used when the ownership and management were not separated. But later on the researches and development in the field of science, technology and training etc. changed this old concept. Today management is considered not only as an inborn ability but also as an acquired ability. In the words of Ordway Tead, “Managers are both born and made.” Today, in large-sized business organizations, ownership and management are separate identities. The management lies in the hands of professional managers who are educated and trained. Thus, now the management can be considered as an acquired ability.

Management as an Art, Science or Both

A lot of controversy arises whether management is an art or science or both. It is said that the management is the oldest of arts and youngest of science. This explains the changing nature of management. But to have an exact answer to this question, it is necessary to understand both these aspects separately and combined, as given below:

Management as an Art: Art refers to the way of doing specific things; it indicates how an object can be achieved. In the words of George R. Terry, “Art is bringing about of a desired result through the application of skill.” Art is, thus, skilful application of knowledge which entirely depends on the inherent capacity of a person which comes from within a person and is learned from practice and experience. In this sense, management is certainly an art as a manager uses his skill, knowledge and experience in solving various problems, both complicated and non-complicated that arise in the working of his enterprise successful. In the words of Ernest Dale, “Management is considered as an art rather than science mainly because managerial skill is a personnel possession and is intuitive.”
Management as a Science: Science may be described as a systematized body of knowledge based on proper findings and exact principles and is capable of verification. It is a reservoir of fundamental truths and its findings apply safely in all the situations. In this sense, management is a science as it has also developed some systematized knowledge. Like other sciences, management has also developed certain principles, laws, generalization, which are universal in nature and are applicable wherever the efforts of the people are to be coordinated. But management is not as exact science as other physical sciences like physic, chemistry, biology, astronomy etc. The main reason for the inexactness of science of management is that it deals with the people and it is very difficult to predict their behavior accurately. In this way, management falls in the area of ’social sciences’. Thus, it is a social science.

Conclusion- Management is an Art and Science Both

From the above study, we conclude that management is an art and science both. According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers. “Management is the art and science of preparing, organizing and directing human efforts to control the forces and utilize the material of nature for the benefit of men. “Thus, it has now been accepted that management is an art as well as science. It has the elements of both arts and science. In the words of Dean Stanley, “Management is a mixture of an art an science – the present ratio is about 80% art and 20% science.”

*************************** SHIVASHANKAR  V. JIRLI.

Information technology is the sector that is constantly on growth in India. That is why numerous software development tenders continue to come up every now and then in the market. It is one of the best ways for prospective bidders to bid and win such bids to promote their business prospects.

Areas Where Software Development Tenders Work
Some of the sectors where majority of software development tenders are floated are as follows.

Higher education institutions imparting computer training and education.

Corporate offices that use computer technologies extensively.

Financial agencies like the banks where everything is computerized these days.

Government and other public sector undertakings those are steadily moving towards computerization and online transactions.

Business platforms where most of the transactions are carried out using the information technology like the stock exchange market.

Types of Software Development Tenders Floated
Any organization using computer technology for carrying out its operations will require constant monitoring of the computers for protection of their data and information. Such requirements would be even more pronounced in case of the organization using any networking including local area networking or LAN, wide area networking or WAN, and even organizations using the internet as their carrier of information. Threats that are faced by such organizations are –

Identity theft and data hacking;

Virus intrusion and damages to system used in the organization;

Upgrading the capabilities of the existing system;

Monitoring chances of untoward intrusion and eliminating it.

Introduction of New Software
Sometimes organizations in public and private sectors may require some new software altogether for running some systems. As the country is rapidly moving towards automation, requirements for fresh and new software are growing steadily as well. In such cases software development tenders are the means for achievement of the objective. Since bids are to be won by way of competition, it gives the opportunity for the procuring agency to get the best among the bidders basing on their analysis of their bids and background.

Requirements for the Bidders

Usually the procuring agency whether public or private will make check of the eligibility and proficiency of the bidder. Hence having a good past record and market reputation is essential for any bidder.

Such bidders for software development tenders should have a fairly competent team of software engineers and experts so that the procuring agency gets the confidence that the task entrusted is in safe hands.

Sometimes the software development tenders are highly technical in nature. For instance; network switching, blade chassis, internet access server; network storage improvement, file server, security server and several others.

Usually the software development tenders are floated for the purpose of maintaining data integrity and safety and protection of information. Prospective bidders should realize that they should have proficiency in computer technology so as to be able to accomplish the task. 

There is indeed a distinct difference between the terms cybertechnology and information technology. In his book, Tavani defines cybertechnology as a stand-alone or computer network capable of some form of computing and communication [Tavani 2010]. Information technology, although not specifically define in his book, can be thought of as almost the same, however information technology is not limited to communication technology. The information technology field can span into areas such as televisions and automobiles. On page 4, Tavani lists several examples of cybertechnology, all of which are connected to other devices and can be used as forms of communication. Other technologies such as telescopes or clothes dryers have no means of communication and therefore are not included in his lists of cybertechnology.

                It is important to make this distinction between cybertechnology and information technology before going on to explain cyberethics. After his discussion on cybertechnology, Tavani goes on to explain the differences between cyberethics and several other forms of ethics, one of which being information ethics. He never actually defines cyberethics, but he is able to describe what it doesn’t consist of by comparing it to three other kinds of ethics. Cyberethics can be seen as the ethics pertaining to the use of a connected network of computers. Information ethics, on the other hand, is described as the ethics related to any form of information distribution network including books [Tavani 2010].

Although Tavani does bring up the difference between the two terms, he seems to be using an older understanding of the term information technology when he talks about information ethics. Today, few people view information technology as something related to printed material or library science. Rather it is commonly accepted that information technology relates to the spread of information through computational means such as computer databases or networking. Despite Tavani’s older interpretation of the term, the distinction between cybertechnology and information technology is still relevant. Cybertechnology is a subset located within information technology that pertains to connected communication networks while information technology has the potential to span out to include isolated computers found in anything ranging from a simple home appliance to a complex power grid.

Information technology job opportunities for felons pay well and offer fast career advancement. IT jobs for felons do require extensive technical knowledge but the main advantage to IT jobs for felons is that demand for IT skills is high compared to other industries even during the current economic downturn.

According to the most recent study by the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics, IT jobs are expected to grow more than twice as fast as the average for all other occupations. This report takes into account the recent dot-com bust and recovery as well as outsourcing trends. In other words, even with the off shoring of IT jobs and the economic slump, the IT industry is still one of the leading growth industries in the U.S. today.

Information Technology Jobs for Felons

So what IT jobs for felons are available?

Information Technology is the study, design, implementation and management of computer-based information systems, chiefly software applications and computer hardware.

The IT jobs for felons that are in high demand include computer software engineers, network systems and data communications analysts, systems analysts, and network and systems administrators, again according to the Department of Labor’s report.

Since the IT field is quite large, there is no one personality type that is needed to succeed. There is room for introverted, both technical IT people and extroverted business or sales-oriented IT people.

However, the one quality that all IT people must have is a willingness to keep on learning. The software programs and computer hardware of today will be outdated in a few years so IT professionals must study new technologies constantly.

Jobs for Felons: Information Technology

Information technology is one of those career paths that are suitable for ex-felons because there are a lot of IT jobs for felons available due to the industry’s high growth rate.

If you apply for regular employment then you will definitely have to go through a background check. This can be a problem if the IT job involves handling a lot of sensitive information. Whether you will be able to land a job after the employer finds out about your past will depend on the type of felony, recency and evidence of rehabilitation.

One option you can look into is working freelance. No background checks will be involved since you will not be employed by any company or organization. Freelance IT jobs for felons simply entail looking for clients and working as an independent contractor. This has become very popular among felons because the internet has made it easier than ever before to find freelance IT job opportunities for felons online. You can even work from the comfort of your own home. This is a great option for people who want to spend more time with their families as well as those who have disabilities.

Jobs for Felons: Information Technology

Almost all colleges and universities in the U.S. have IT programs so you will not have any problems finding the right certification, diploma or degree program for you. You can choose to either study on campus or online.

The best high-paying IT jobs for felons do require a bachelor’s degree in information technology and/or certification so keep that in mine if you want to work for the top IT companies.

On the other hand, there are a few companies that offer on-the-job training although this is mostly for entry-level jobs.

For freelance work, you will need at least some certifications and probably an associate degree. Clients who hire freelancers will look at both qualifications and experience so once you have established a good IT work history you will be able to choose from among the better-paying IT jobs for felons.

Information Technology Jobs for Felons: Summary

Information technology jobs for felons are a good choice for ex-offenders because they pay well. IT is also a fast-growing industry with many job opportunities for felons. Information technology is a large field and people of all personality types can succeed in this type of work but you should be willing to learn and master constantly evolving technologies. In addition, you will need to finish a diploma or degree course in information technology to get the best jobs for felons available.

There is an instant need of establishing the technology infrastructure in Estate agencies because more focus needed to be given to improve the service levels to citizens. It is required to bring the best & more appropriate technology solutions to bear on Estate technology applications. The purpose is to expand electronic government services & providing the procedures to the Estate to do business with highest security levels.

While using the technology, it is essential to use all electronic tools appropriately, including email & internet access through training & supervision. In today’s environment, every agency is looking to establish internal policies regarding password protection, encryption, data practices, monitoring & record retention using the best possible tools of latest technology. By using technology, agencies can ensure secured access with almost better efficiency.

However inappropriate usage of technology may harm the business practices in huge way. Usage of illegal activities, wagering, betting & selling, illegal discrimination can negatively affect the organization & it can also make generation think other way around. People might want to neglect its benefits & put the brakes on it. Mixture of technology with affective ways can enrich the organization & make any agency to put a foot forward.

Electronic communication devices such as phones, fax machines, Pagers, Estate e-mail systems and Internet access are remembered as Estate property now a days. Latest technology tools such as secured payment systems, data scrapping services; outlook & appointment setter software became the basic requirement for daily activities.  Technology also helps in managing a computer gateway to carry out public, educational & public functions.  Reviewing the highly secured Estate agency budget requests and contracts relating to information technology services became much easier by using the latest technical tools.

Some other positive aspects of technology include developing & maintaining policies, procedures & advising the Estate personal departments on the guidelines. Conducting managerial reviews became much more reliable. At the top, there is something called reliability. Technology proved to be more reliable resource to make sure a vibrant future. Organizations can always be sure about future projections & make a better use of today’s opportunities.

Each Estate agency is expecting to seek opportunities to effectively use the technology for increasing the quality of the services. It may cost a little more however it may repeat the business for “Long Term” benefits. Agencies tend to analyze & interpret the supply & demand projections & prepare accordingly. To conclude, effective use of technology is beneficial & can prove to be an excellent business resource.

Many people are able to hide their addiction problem, since most of them are acting normal in their daily activities life.  However, if you take a closer look at them, there are several symptoms that you need to pay attention to when your loved ones started to have it.  If your family or relatives started to have difficulties in becoming responsible for their behavior, using drugs or alcohol even though they know it is dangerous, could not stop that habit and on the contrary increasing the dosage of the substance that they are consuming, then they may have become addicted to whatever substance that they are using.  Once this is realized, the best treatment is to get them into Drug Rehab.

The same symptoms are also applied to alcohol.  If you find yourself couldn’t stop drinking, and you feel like you always have an urge on drinking which you can’t avoid anymore, then you need to realize and accept that you’re already addicted to it and seeking for help in Alcohol Rehab.  It is somewhat impossible for you to think that you can get out from this cycle of addiction on your own.  Some people believe that they can, but they ended up only making themselves getting worse without even realizing how bad they condition is.  This is what makes addiction is danger to people since it can be close to us without you realize them and only consider them as a habit.

Addiction Treatment program usually different for each people, since addiction can be happening from lots of factors and each person has its own cause of addiction.  Therefore, treating an addicted person is not like treating a patient that is being sick because of some disease.  You will need to be extra patient and give extra support for the addicted person.  The treatment can takes short period of time but it can also take years to be cured.  At the end, it is all depending on that person’s effort to get back the life that he or she used to have and make it an even better one.

Article by Lydia Quinn

When it comes to protecting your eyes during activities, there are some new technologies you should be aware of. Here is an overview:

Lense Technology

That latest technology in lenses includes Xtreme Lens Technology, polarized Multi-Layer Filtration and polycarbonate lenses. Xtreme Lens Technology is a new technology that works to block glare but without changing the perception of colors. The lenses are coated with multi-colored flash mirror coating to reflect light for complete anti-glare protection. The Xtreme Lens Technology, or XLT, offers the wearer a smoke grey view from the inside.

Polarized Multi-Layer Filtration technology lenses are made from one piece of distortion free, ophthalic quality polycarbonate. The key to this technology is that there are no laminates included to degrade the polarization. With Multi-Layer Filtration, or MLF, the lenses block vertically reflected light and glare by aligning the crystalline structure of the lenses. This makes lenses that use MLF technology an excellent option for use during any water sports activities or around water, for snow and snow related activities as well as for driving, whether a vehicle or motorcycle.

The latest technology in polycarbonate lenses offers the advantage of being shatterproof, as well as optically correct allowing for zero distortion. Polycarbonate lenses are excellent for use in just about any lighting condition. Polycarbonate was developed by GE, and is a form of LEXAN, which is also used for bullet resistant glass in vehicles. Polycarbonate is an extremely hard material and a diamond grinding wheel must be used to cut it. One advantage of polycarbonate is that it offers natural UV protection, which allows you to have full UV protection even if you’re using clear polycarbonate lenses. In addition, polycarbonate is extremely durable and resistant to breaking or shattering. It’s also lightweight and very scratch resistant. Polycarbonate offers such durable and reliable eye protection, that it is the only type of lens approved and used for use by law enforcement and fire departments.

Lens Coating Technology

Different colors of lens coatings offer different advantages. For instance, grey, grey-green and smoke colored lenses are excellent for blocking glare without changing your perception of colors. Brownish and amber colored lenses are good for blocking blue light or diffusing light that is common on cloudy or overcast days. Amber colored lenses are a great option for areas with fast changing weather, since they can improve your contrast and depth perception in many different kinds of weather. Yellow tinted lenses are great for cloudy or overcast days as well, the yellow tint will help with contrast and enhance your visual acuity or the feeling of visual acuity. Clear lenses are a good option for eye protection against glare at night or during low light conditions.

Frames Technology

The latest technology in frames is called CSF, or Composite Shock Frames, which creates a low mass, low inertia frame that should bounce or move much less during sports activities. The composite material is also very lightweight, comfortable and rugged, allowing for extended use while remaining comfortable.

Lens Systems

The latest lens systems include the X Changeable Lens System, which includes multiple lenses for different conditions and activities that can be interchanged as needed.

The memory of the Motorola Cliq 2 is excellent. It will hold almost limitless contacts to your address book and can be extended up to 32 GB with a MicroSD card. The Motorola Cliq 2 has GPRS/Edge technology. While GPRS provides adequate browsing speeds, Edge (where available) can bring an extra boost for those who need things to run a little faster. Another great feature of the Cliq2 is Wi-Fi. This means that you will not incur data charges while connected to a wireless network.

With Bluetooth technology in the Motorola Cliq2, you are able to connect to various devices. This is convenient for a hands free experience. The 1420mAh battery of the Cliq2 also lives up to expectations. With 13.5 days of stand-by time and 6 hours of talk time, battery time is manageable. The Battery Manager allows you to customize your phone’s power consumption. There is little worry of the phone dying while you have important conversations.

The 5mp camera with 2560×1920 pixels offered on the Motorola Cliq2 is great for capturing spur of the moment, candid photos. The camera provides clear pictures as well as an LED flash. The LED flash is a definite buying feature for anyone who has owned a phone without one. It allows for more freedom. There is no need to put away the camera when the lights go out. As well, the convenience of the video camera allows you to record those moments that a still photo just cannot capture.

There are countless features associated with the Motorola Cliq2. It comes with Android 2.2 (Froyo) that lets you download many of the free applications and games from the Android market. What is great about this Cliq 2 with new improved Moto blur is that you can sync all your favorite stuff and so you can reply from your home screen. There are 7 home screens that have widgets and icons, you can visualize your messages, gather the information and organize them. You can resize your widgets according to your requirements and instantly reply to your post. It helps you filter the people you want to contact. You can format your messages, view them and add attachments. It also helps you to preload the Apps that you want. With Moto blur advanced Calendar schedule you need not to carry your laptop when you are away from your desk. Moto blur converts the calendar into contacts so you can easily schedule your meeting and contact your friends. It works well with your busy lifestyle and resizes your widgets according to your requirements- instantly reply to your post- filter the people you want in your contacts. There is no fear of losing your contacts as it backs up all your contacts by gathering information and thereby forming and saving contacts into groups.

With the plethora of options for messaging, there truly is something for everyone. You can easily find messages and view them all in one place. Compose your message and you can easily send email at the time you want. It lets you back up all your accounts by just entering your user iD. There is picture messaging for when you want to send someone one of those great pictures you’ve taken.

It also combines instant messaging support for Google Talk, AIM, and Yahoo! It provides easy access for both personal and full corporate e-mail, including support for Exchange, Gmail and most other POP3 and IMAP.

The Motorola Cliq2 is the perfect combination of beauty and the beast having all the robust features and entertainment tools.